Congressional Democrats are preparing to challenge President Donald Trump’s proposed $1.5 trillion military budget when they take control of the House and Senate in January, setting up a major confrontation over defense spending, the administration’s military campaign in Iran, and the leadership of War Secretary Pete Hegseth.
Following their victories in Tuesday’s midterm elections, Democratic lawmakers are signaling that they intend to use their new congressional majorities to block additional military expenditures, investigate Pentagon operations, and demand greater accountability from senior defense officials.
Rep. Adam Smith of Washington, the leading Democrat on the House Armed Services Committee, outlined the party’s priorities in remarks reported Thursday by The Center Square, arguing that the administration’s military spending plans are excessive and would come at the expense of domestic programs.
“We must push for the development of a more realistic and sustainable approach to our national security, one that does not require a defense budget in excess of $1 trillion or one paid for with draconian cuts to critical domestic programs,” Smith said in a statement.
Smith also indicated that Democrats would pursue extensive oversight of Pentagon finances, including examinations of how military funding is allocated and whether existing resources are being managed efficiently.
The White House and Hegseth have defended the administration’s request, maintaining that a substantial increase in military spending is necessary to restore American military capabilities, rebuild depleted weapons inventories, and strengthen the country’s ability to deter hostile nations.
During a July 21 hearing before the Senate Appropriations Committee, Hegseth warned lawmakers that approving anything less than the full amount would jeopardize the nation’s security.
“Not funding this department at 1.5 trillion, I believe, is the greatest threat that our nation faces,” Hegseth told lawmakers.
The war secretary argued that years of insufficient investment had weakened military readiness and that the proposed funding would help prepare American forces for future threats.
“We know the best way to create peace is to prepare for war, to deter it,” he told the committee.
Trump previously promoted the proposal in a January 7 Truth Social message, saying the increased funding would allow the United States to develop a “Dream Military” capable of keeping Americans “SAFE and SECURE, regardless of foe.”
Administration officials say the additional resources would support expanded weapons manufacturing, improvements in military technology, greater operational readiness, and the replacement of munitions consumed during the conflict with Iran.
The Pentagon’s financial management is also expected to receive increased attention. Although the department accounts for approximately 17% of annual federal spending, it has never successfully completed a comprehensive financial audit, according to The Center Square.
Congress has not yet completed work on the fiscal 2027 National Defense Authorization Act, which sets military policy and authorizes expenditures, or the separate appropriations legislation that provides the actual funding.
The House and Senate versions of the authorization legislation each provide approximately $1.15 trillion, while the defense appropriations proposal would allocate roughly $1.07 trillion.
Republican leaders had intended to satisfy an additional $350 billion requested by the administration through budget reconciliation, a procedure that can allow qualifying legislation to pass the Senate without overcoming the usual 60-vote filibuster threshold.
But the Republican-controlled Congress has only about eight weeks remaining before Democrats assume power, leaving limited time to finalize the legislation during the lame-duck session.
If lawmakers instead approve a temporary extension of existing spending levels and postpone the major funding decisions until January, the incoming Democratic majorities could prevent the administration from securing the additional $350 billion.
Democrats would face greater legal and political obstacles in attempting to stop Trump’s military operations in Iran directly. Legislation ordering the president to end the campaign could be vetoed, and overriding that veto would require two-thirds support in both chambers.
Congressional Democrats could nevertheless exert considerable influence by refusing to approve new funding for the conflict, although previously appropriated military resources could remain available for continued operations.
Trump could respond by vetoing broader defense spending legislation containing restrictions on Iran, potentially creating a confrontation over the Pentagon’s budget.
Smith has identified the military campaign as one of his foremost oversight priorities.
“The list of potential oversight topics is long, but the illegal war against Iran is top of mind for me and the American people,” Smith said, according to The Center Square.
He also intends to increase demands for public testimony from senior Pentagon officials, arguing that Congress needs more information about military operations, spending decisions, and the administration’s national security strategy.
The Pentagon’s budget dispute is unfolding as Hegseth faces mounting political pressure following Republican losses in the midterms. Questions about his leadership and the administration’s handling of the Iran war have fueled speculation about his future in the Cabinet.
Rep. Thomas Massie, a Kentucky Republican, introduced eight articles of impeachment against Hegseth in September and is preparing to renew his effort when the House returns next week. The allegations include violations of congressional war powers and improper conduct involving American military operations overseas.
Hegseth has rejected demands that he resign and has vowed to continue defending the administration’s military policies.
“Just like the president, we don’t back down. And that especially applies now,” Hegseth said in a video message outside the Pentagon.
Trump, meanwhile, defended Hegseth during an interview with ABC News on Thursday, saying he has “every intention” of retaining him as war secretary.
“I get these calls, you know, about him. I don’t understand why,” Trump said, referring to complaints about Hegseth.
Smith has also indicated that his committee’s investigations could extend to military contracts, alleged favoritism in Pentagon spending, American strikes in the Caribbean and Latin America, and the deployment of military personnel to American cities.
He has proposed restoring a dedicated oversight and investigations subcommittee to examine those issues and said he intends to hold public hearings on the Iran war, regardless of whether the conflict is still underway when Democrats assume control of Congress.