Hadassah Carlebach, Who Helped Save Hundreds of Jewish Children From Nazis, Dies at 99
Hadassah Carlebach, a Holocaust survivor who as a young girl worked alongside her father to rescue and care for hundreds of Jewish children in Nazi-occupied France, passed away Sunday in New York at the age of 99.
Mrs. Carlebach lived through Soviet persecution, survived the horrors of Nazi-occupied Europe and later devoted much of her life to preserving the memory of the Holocaust and transmitting a legacy of Jewish faith and courage to future generations. She was also a relative of the Lubavitcher Rebbe, whose second cousin was her father, Rav Schneur Zalman Schneerson. Through her husband, she was the sister-in-law of Rav Shlomo Carlebach.
Mrs. Carlebach was born Hadassah Schneerson in 1927 in Leningrad, now St. Petersburg, in the Soviet Union. Her family, committed Chassidim who refused to submit to the Communist regime’s religious restrictions, lacked legal status in the country. Her mother, Sarah, was unable to be admitted to a hospital to give birth because she did not possess the necessary identification papers. A private doctor ultimately arranged for her to enter secretly through a rear entrance, allowing Hadassah to be born there. For approximately the first year of her life, Hadassah had no official documentation.
The family subsequently moved to Moscow, where her father helped transfer charitable funds from the United States to impoverished Jews. Their small apartment became a clandestine refuge for Jews attempting to escape the Soviet authorities. His activities came at a steep price: Rav Schneur Zalman was arrested by the Soviet secret police no fewer than 16 times. The family lived with the constant possibility that police could burst into their home, learning escape routes and hiding places by heart. The fear remained with Mrs. Carlebach for decades; she later recalled that whenever she entered an unfamiliar building, she instinctively looked for possible exits.
In 1935, as Soviet investigations of Jewish activists intensified, the family managed to leave the Soviet Union with the assistance of Jewish activist Dr. Yosef Rosen. Soviet authorities would not permit them to immigrate to the United States or Europe, but allowed them to travel to Eretz Yisroel. After a 12-day sea voyage, the family arrived in Jaffa. For the young Hadassah, life in Eretz Yisroel brought her the first real sense of security and calm she had experienced.
A year later, however, her father decided to relocate the family to Paris after finding it difficult to adjust to the socialist atmosphere prevalent at the time in the Tel Aviv area. In the French capital, he established the Kehillas Hachareidim organization, through which he founded a kosher soup kitchen, a shul and a Talmud Torah. Those institutions provided both physical and spiritual support for the growing stream of Jewish refugees arriving from across Europe.
After World War II began in 1939, the family’s rescue efforts expanded dramatically. Rav Schneur Zalman was appointed by the OSE Jewish humanitarian organization to operate a kosher children’s home at Château de Morelles. When the Nazis occupied France and deportations of Jews increased, the children’s home was moved south to Marseille.
Despite the desperate conditions and constant danger, Hadassah’s father refused to compromise on religious observance. The food remained strictly kosher, the children continued learning Torah and observing Shabbos and Yom Tov, and programs were even established to teach radio technology and fashion cutting so that the youngsters could acquire practical skills for their future.
Hadassah, still only a teenager herself, became deeply involved in caring for the children, serving as both a cook and teacher amid severe food shortages. She later recalled stretches during which they survived for weeks on little more than bread and green peppers, with each child allotted just one egg per month. Even under those conditions, the family maintained strict standards of kashrus. When margarine became available, her father sent a sample for chemical laboratory testing before allowing it into the kitchen.
On one Purim during the war, French officials secretly warned the family that the Gestapo planned to raid the children’s home the following day. Rav Schneur Zalman decided not to tell the children what was coming because he did not want to destroy their Purim celebration. While the festivities continued normally, preparations for an escape were being made behind the scenes. As soon as the celebration ended, the children were loaded onto trucks and spirited away to another hiding place.
Throughout the war, the children’s home moved repeatedly as the danger shifted, relocating from one site to another across France. During one episode, Hadassah’s mother was captured by the Nazis and subjected to severe torture before ultimately being released.
Most of the children under the family’s care were eventually smuggled across the border into neutral Switzerland and survived. The rescuers, however, could not save everyone. One group of 16 children was betrayed and deported to the Auschwitz death camp. Only one of them survived.
Hadassah herself narrowly escaped death on numerous occasions. During one incident, after a hiding place had been exposed, she was leading a group of children through snow-covered forests when she heard dogs barking and drawing closer. Paralyzed with fear, she found encouragement from an unlikely source: a little girl of about seven whispered to her that she should continue trusting in Hashem and keep moving. Hadassah found the strength to continue, and the group escaped.
Following the liberation of France in 1945, the family returned to Paris and began the painful process of trying to locate the children’s relatives. Thousands of letters were sent to municipalities throughout France. Some children were eventually reunited with their parents; others learned that they had been left entirely alone in the world.
The family immigrated to the United States in 1947. Two years later, Hadassah married Rav Eliyahu Chaim Carlebach, who later served as a rabbi at a Jewish center in New Jersey and became one of the leaders of the Carlebach Shul in Manhattan.
Throughout the decades that followed, Mrs. Carlebach continued sharing her testimony and working to preserve the memory of the Holocaust. In recounting what she had witnessed and endured, she repeatedly emphasized the importance of maintaining Jewish identity and pride even during the darkest periods of persecution.
Mrs. Carlebach leaves behind five daughters: Sterna Citron of Los Angeles, Sheina Berkowitz of Huntington Beach, Yocheved Dayan of Brooklyn, Frieda Laufer of Crown Heights and Esther Kugel of Crown Heights, as well as numerous grandchildren and descendants who continue in the path of Torah and Chassidus.
The levayah will take place Monday in New York and will pass in front of 770 Eastern Parkway in Crown Heights before proceeding to the bais hachaim.
{Matzav.com}
