Partial Government Shutdown Begins As Funding Lapses Despite Senate Deal
A partial shutdown of the federal government began at midnight after Congress failed to enact six remaining appropriations bills before the deadline, leaving multiple agencies without authorized funding.
The lapse occurred even though the Senate moved late Friday to approve a package covering five funding bills and to temporarily extend funding for the Department of Homeland Security for two weeks, the key point of contention in negotiations. That agreement, reached between Senate Democrats and the White House, still requires approval from the House, which is scheduled to return to Washington on Monday.
The dispute that led to the shutdown has centered largely on immigration enforcement policy under President Donald Trump. Following the longest government shutdown in U.S. history last fall, lawmakers have been working bill by bill to fund federal agencies through September 2026. Six of the twelve required spending measures have already cleared Congress and been signed into law. The remaining six became the focus of the current standoff.
In recent weeks, bipartisan talks appeared close to producing a resolution. Draft legislative text for the outstanding measures was released on January 20. Five of the bills were bundled together, while the legislation funding DHS was kept separate. House Democrats warned they would not back the broader package if DHS funding was included, arguing that it failed to impose sufficient limits on Immigration and Customs Enforcement following the fatal shooting of Renee Good by an ICE officer in Minneapolis.
When the House voted last week, the DHS measure passed with support from only seven Democrats, while the larger funding package advanced with strong bipartisan backing. Lawmakers then combined the measures and sent them to the Senate in an effort to speed passage.
That strategy unraveled after the fatal shooting of Alex Pretti by federal immigration agents in Minneapolis last weekend. Senate Democrats sharply opposed approving DHS funding without additional reforms, and Senate Minority Leader Chuck Schumer announced that Democrats would withhold the votes needed to advance the package unless the DHS funding was removed.
Senators returned to Washington this week without a clear path forward. On Wednesday, Schumer outlined Democratic demands, including ending roving immigration patrols, banning the use of masks by agents, and tightening warrant requirements. Republicans, including some who criticized the events in Minneapolis, urged Democrats to take those concerns directly to the Trump administration.
Republican leaders initially pressed ahead with a procedural vote on the full funding package, which failed Thursday. Hours later, Senate Democrats and the White House reached a compromise. Under the deal, Democrats agreed to support the five non-DHS spending bills, while DHS funding would be extended at current levels for two weeks as negotiations over reforms continue.
The Senate approved the five-bill package Friday by a 71–29 vote and cleared a short-term funding extension for DHS by voice vote. Because of the changes, the House must now act on the revised package, but it is not scheduled to reconvene until Monday.
As a result of the funding lapse, several major departments and their subagencies are now unfunded. In addition to DHS, those affected include the Defense Department, State Department, Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, Transportation, and Housing and Urban Development, as well as the Treasury Department and the Internal Revenue Service.
Despite the shutdown, the Trump administration’s immigration enforcement operations are not expected to be disrupted. DHS received approximately $165 billion in additional funding last year through the One Big Beautiful Bill Act, including $75 billion for ICE and $65 billion for Customs and Border Protection. That funding exceeds typical annual allocations and allows operations to continue without new appropriations.
Other parts of the federal government remain fully funded. The six spending bills already enacted cover agencies including the Department of Veterans Affairs, Department of Agriculture, Food and Drug Administration, legislative branch operations, Department of Commerce, Justice Department, NASA, National Science Foundation, Department of Energy, Department of the Interior, and the Environmental Protection Agency.
Federal shutdowns occur under the Antideficiency Act, which bars agencies from spending money that Congress has not authorized. Each year, Congress must pass twelve appropriations bills before the fiscal year begins on October 1. Lawmakers often delay final action and package bills together or pass temporary funding extensions to allow negotiations to continue.
Last year, Congress missed the deadline without passing any funding measures or a short-term extension, triggering a shutdown that lasted 43 days.
When a shutdown takes effect, agencies without funding must halt nonessential activities. Each department determines which employees are considered essential. Essential personnel continue working without pay during the shutdown but are entitled to back pay once funding is restored. Nonessential employees are typically furloughed and also receive back pay after the government reopens.
Because the current funding lapse began over the weekend, most shutdown procedures will be implemented at the start of the next workweek. The impact is expected to be limited if the House approves the revised funding package quickly.
The most significant strain during shutdowns often falls on essential workers who must continue working without pay. During last year’s shutdown, the administration relied on alternative funding sources to pay members of the military. Air traffic controllers and airport security personnel, also deemed essential, continued working as staffing shortages led to flight delays and cancellations, with some workers reporting they had to take on second jobs to cover expenses.
The duration of the current shutdown will depend largely on House action. Some conservative lawmakers have signaled they want changes to the DHS bill or amendments to the overall package, but they could relent if the president pressures holdouts to support the measure. With Republicans holding only a narrow majority, Democrats could also step in to help pass the legislation if internal GOP divisions persist.
The next procedural step is scheduled for Monday afternoon, when the House Rules Committee is set to meet at 4 p.m. Eastern Time to consider the funding package. If it clears the committee, the bill would move to a rule vote on the House floor, typically decided by a simple majority. Some conservatives have warned they may block that vote if their demands are not addressed.
If the package stalls, House Speaker Mike Johnson could bring it to the floor under suspension of the rules, a process that would require a two-thirds majority for passage. Should the House ultimately approve the funding measures, President Trump is expected to sign them promptly, bringing the shutdown to an end.
{Matzav.com}
