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Sen. Bernie Sanders, Rep. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez and Sen. Jeff Merkley are seeking to effectively drive automated license-plate readers out of government use with sweeping new legislation that would prohibit federal agencies from using the technology and threaten federal funding for state and local governments that continue operating the surveillance systems.

The legislation, called the Ban Flock Act, was introduced amid intensifying bipartisan scrutiny of Flock Safety, the largest operator of automated license-plate readers in the United States. The company has more than 120,000 cameras around the country, creating a network capable of recording enormous numbers of vehicle movements and allowing law-enforcement agencies to search collected information across jurisdictions.

Although Flock is named in the title, the legislation is not limited to one company. Its restrictions would apply broadly to automated license-plate readers, commonly known as ALPRs, regardless of the manufacturer.

The bill would prohibit federal agencies from acquiring or using ALPR systems and from accessing information gathered by cameras operated by local police departments, private companies or other entities. It would also bar the use of federal money to purchase the systems.

State and local governments would face significant financial pressure to abandon the technology as well. Under the proposal, certain federal grants would be withheld from states and municipalities that continue using automated license-plate readers or contracting with companies that provide them.

The legislation would additionally give Americans a legal avenue to sue the federal government if their rights were violated through prohibited use of ALPR technology.

There are limited exceptions. The bill would permit license-plate readers to be used for toll collection, and Congress could specifically authorize other uses through future legislation. Such authorization would have to include restrictions requiring that collected information generally be deleted within 48 hours.

Sanders said the technology has expanded far beyond an ordinary police camera system and now represents a fundamental threat to Americans’ ability to travel without having their movements continuously recorded.

“At a time of growing concern about the unchecked power of artificial intelligence, Flock is eviscerating the very notion of privacy by installing tens of thousands of cameras in communities across America without their consent,” Sanders said. “Going to the doctor? Flock knows. Dropping your kid off at school? Flock is tracking you. Flock is always watching. We cannot allow America to become a surveillance state where a handful of AI oligarchs profit by giving the government the power to track our every movement.”

Flock’s cameras are typically positioned along roads and automatically photograph passing vehicles. The system records license plates and other identifying characteristics, and the information can then be searched by participating law-enforcement agencies.

Newer versions of the technology can collect considerably more information than a traditional license-plate photograph. Critics say Flock’s artificial-intelligence tools can combine images of vehicles and people with information from other databases, potentially producing details about individuals, relatives, court records, online accounts and patterns of movement.

The scale of the network is one of the principal concerns driving the congressional push. Flock says its more than 120,000 cameras capture approximately 20 billion vehicle observations each month.

Its national lookup capabilities also mean that a camera located hundreds or thousands of miles away can potentially become useful to an investigator elsewhere. Agencies participating in the network can, subject to system rules and data-sharing arrangements, search information collected outside their own communities.

Ocasio-Cortez said that capability has transformed what might once have been viewed as a localized law-enforcement tool into a nationwide surveillance system.

She said the Ban Flock Act would “enforce our constitutional right to privacy and protect Americans from both corporate and government surveillance.”

“No one should have this unchecked surveillance power at their fingertips,” Merkley added.

The controversy has been fueled by documented cases in which law-enforcement officers allegedly used ALPR systems for personal purposes rather than legitimate investigations. More than 50 officers around the country have reportedly been accused of unauthorized searches, including cases involving officers searching for wives, girlfriends, former romantic partners and women they wanted to meet.

Five Indianapolis police officers, for example, were accused of improperly using Flock cameras to search for people with whom they had personal relationships, including spouses or romantic partners. The department subsequently tightened its policies and introduced daily auditing of ALPR searches.

Other concerns have centered on searches connected to political demonstrations and immigration enforcement. Critics of the technology say ALPR databases have been searched in connection with demonstrations against immigration raids, pro-Palestinian protests and “No Kings” demonstrations, while Flock data has also been shared across jurisdictions for federal immigration investigations.

The mounting concerns have already prompted communities around the country to reconsider their relationships with Flock. According to the lawmakers behind the Ban Flock Act, at least 56 municipalities have deactivated cameras, canceled contracts or rejected proposed Flock agreements this year.

The legal debate intensified further last week when a federal judge in Oklahoma ruled in a criminal case that an officer’s warrantless use of the Flock network amounted to “indiscriminate mass surveillance” and violated the Fourth Amendment.

The case involved a Tulsa County sheriff’s deputy who used Flock data to track the movements of a vehicle suspected of involvement in drug trafficking. A subsequent search uncovered 91 pounds of methamphetamine, but U.S. District Judge Sara E. Hill concluded that the broad tracking made possible by the network crossed a constitutional line because it allowed police to reconstruct a person’s movements without first obtaining a warrant.

The ruling represents one court’s decision and does not establish a nationwide prohibition on ALPR technology. Flock strongly disputed the decision and said it conflicts with established legal precedent concerning the observation of vehicles traveling on public roads.

Concern over the cameras has also become strikingly bipartisan.

Sen. Josh Hawley, a Missouri Republican, recently chaired a Senate Judiciary subcommittee hearing titled “Always Watching: Flock’s Nationwide AI Surveillance Network,” examining the privacy and national-security implications of ALPR systems.

Sen. Dick Durbin, an Illinois Democrat, participated in the same hearing and called for stronger safeguards governing how the technology can be used.

Flock CEO Garrett Langley was invited to testify before the committee but did not appear. The CEOs of several other surveillance-technology companies were also invited and declined to testify.

Flock instead submitted written answers to Hawley and acknowledged that Congress should establish a federal regulatory framework governing automated license-plate readers. The company also described safeguards it has introduced as scrutiny of the technology has increased.

Hawley is pursuing his own legislation rather than endorsing a complete federal ban. His proposed Stop Flock Abuse Act would impose rules governing how ALPR systems are used, require audits designed to identify improper searches and establish restrictions intended to prevent unauthorized surveillance.

That means the congressional debate is developing along two different tracks: Sanders, Ocasio-Cortez and Merkley want the federal government out of ALPR surveillance altogether and would use federal funding to push states and cities in the same direction, while Hawley is proposing to permit continued use under stronger safeguards and oversight.

Flock has said it supports congressional action establishing rules for the industry, while opposing the characterization of its technology as inherently incompatible with privacy.

“We welcome these conversations in Congress because we believe public safety technologies are powerful tools best used in concert with strong policy, accountability and oversight mechanisms,” a Flock spokesperson said in a statement.

Law-enforcement supporters of ALPR technology argue that the cameras can provide investigators with valuable leads in cases involving stolen vehicles, kidnappings, missing people and violent crimes. Because the cameras can rapidly identify a wanted vehicle traveling through a particular location, police departments say searches that once required hours or days can sometimes be performed almost immediately.

Critics counter that the same capability that makes the cameras effective for solving crimes also makes abuse extraordinarily easy: a search can potentially reveal where an individual has traveled without requiring officers to physically follow that person or, in many circumstances, obtain a warrant.

That tension has increasingly become the center of the national debate — whether the public-safety benefits of a vast interconnected camera network justify creating a searchable record of the movements of millions of Americans who are not suspected of committing any crime.

President Donald Trump escalated his long-running feud with Barack Obama on Sunday, sharing a meme that branded Obama — rather than Richard Nixon — the “most corrupt president in the history of the United States,” as federal investigators continue examining the conduct of Obama-era officials surrounding the investigations of Trump that began during the 2016 election.

Trump posted a split-screen image of the official presidential portraits of Obama and Nixon on Truth Social, accompanied by a pointed caption.

“One of these men is the most corrupt president in the history of the United States. The other is Richard Nixon.”

Trump added no further commentary to the image, but the comparison represented another broadside against his Democratic predecessor, whom Trump has repeatedly accused of wrongdoing connected to the origins of the Russia investigation and efforts by intelligence and law-enforcement officials during and after the 2016 presidential campaign.

Those accusations have received renewed attention during Trump’s second administration following the declassification of intelligence documents and the opening of a Justice Department investigation examining whether officials from previous administrations participated in a broader effort to violate Trump’s rights through a series of federal investigations.

Director of National Intelligence Tulsi Gabbard released documents in 2025 that she said demonstrated that Obama administration officials politicized intelligence concerning Russian interference after Trump defeated Hillary Clinton in the 2016 election. Gabbard subsequently referred material to the Justice Department and publicly accused Obama administration officials of participating in a coordinated effort to undermine Trump’s incoming presidency.

Obama’s office has rejected those allegations, calling claims of wrongdoing “outrageous” and maintaining that the documents did not undermine the longstanding conclusion that Russia attempted to influence the 2016 presidential election. Obama himself has not been charged with a crime.

The Justice Department investigation has continued into 2026, focusing in part on the origins and conduct of the Russia investigation and other federal investigations involving Trump. Former Obama-era intelligence officials, including former CIA Director John Brennan, have faced scrutiny as part of the inquiry.

The investigation has also experienced internal upheaval. Several officials involved in the probe have left or changed roles, including Kurt Olsen and Joseph diGenova, while the Justice Department has maintained that the inquiry remains active.

Trump has repeatedly argued that the Russia investigation amounted to an effort by political and government opponents to cripple his first presidency. Critics of that contention say multiple investigations established that Russia interfered in the 2016 election, while the Mueller investigation did not establish that the Trump campaign conspired or coordinated with the Russian government in its election-interference activities.

The president’s decision to invoke Nixon gave Sunday’s post an especially provocative historical edge.

Nixon resigned from the presidency in August 1974 as the Watergate scandal closed in around his administration and impeachment appeared increasingly likely. The scandal began with the June 1972 break-in at Democratic National Committee headquarters at the Watergate complex and ultimately expanded into investigations of the Nixon administration’s efforts to conceal its involvement and obstruct the subsequent investigation.

The House Judiciary Committee approved three articles of impeachment against Nixon in July 1974, accusing him of obstruction of justice, abuse of power and contempt of Congress. Nixon resigned before the full House could vote on impeachment, becoming the only president in American history to leave the office by resignation.

Trump’s meme effectively argued that Obama’s conduct was worse, although the post offered no specific evidence or allegations to accompany the comparison.

The two presidents have maintained an unusually bitter relationship extending back well before Trump first entered the White House.

Before launching his presidential campaign, Trump became one of the country’s most prominent proponents of the false claim that Obama had been born in Kenya rather than Hawaii and was therefore ineligible to serve as president. Obama was born in Honolulu, Hawaii, in 1961. Trump publicly acknowledged in September 2016 that Obama was born in the United States.

Their political conflict intensified after Trump succeeded Obama in January 2017, with Trump dismantling or reversing numerous Obama-era policies while repeatedly accusing Obama administration officials of improperly targeting him and his associates.

Obama, meanwhile, has become increasingly outspoken in criticizing Trump’s second administration.

In recent months, Obama has challenged Trump over the administration’s approach to regulating advanced technology and over the war with Iran. In a June interview with NBC’s “Today,” Obama argued that the United States had emerged from the Iran conflict in a worse position despite the enormous financial and human costs involved.

“We’ve now fought a war, spent billions and billions of dollars, put an enormous strain on our military, a lot of people have died, and it feels like we are back where we were before we started the war, except maybe a little worse off,” Obama told host Craig Melvin.

Obama has also recently addressed the subject of government corruption more broadly. In September, he argued during an episode of his podcast that the federal government, when measured by traditional forms of corruption such as bribery and patronage, is considerably less corrupt than it was during earlier periods of American history.

Trump has continued responding with his own attacks, frequently using Truth Social to share memes, videos and commentary aimed at Obama and other political adversaries.

Last month, Trump shared a graphic ranking American presidents that placed himself alone in a category labeled “The Greatest,” while Obama, Joe Biden and several other presidents were placed in a category labeled “Failures.”

Sunday’s Nixon comparison went considerably further, placing Obama alongside the president whose name has been synonymous with Watergate for more than half a century and explicitly asserting that Obama’s record was worse.

Nixon was never impeached because he resigned before the House could take a final vote. Three presidents have been impeached by the House: Andrew Johnson in 1868, Bill Clinton in 1998 and Trump, who was impeached twice, in 2019 and 2021.

The Senate acquitted the president in each of those four impeachment trials. No American president has ever been convicted and removed from office by the Senate.

{Matzav.com}

More than 60 million American children have now been automatically enrolled in Trump Accounts, dramatically expanding President Donald Trump’s new investment program and giving virtually every eligible child under 18 an account even if their parents never signed them up.

The Treasury Department confirmed that it completed the massive automatic-enrollment process on October 1. Every eligible child under 18 with a valid Social Security number who did not already have an account now has one established on his or her behalf, with Treasury planning periodic automatic enrollment for newly eligible children going forward.

But there is an important catch for parents: an automatically created account generally must still be claimed by a parent or guardian before the family can manage it and make ordinary contributions. Parents of children eligible for the federal government’s $1,000 starter payment must also take action to request that money.

“Millions of children have already enrolled in Trump Accounts. With automatic enrollment, over 60 million more eligible children now have an account ready to be claimed,” Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent said. “This is a transformative milestone in the Trump Administration’s effort to give every American child the opportunity to build generational wealth and jump-start their financial future.”

The sweeping expansion marks a major change from the program’s original rollout, when parents or guardians had to affirmatively register children. Roughly 7 million children had been signed up before Treasury shifted to automatic enrollment, while Bessent has said the potential eligible population could ultimately approach 70 million children.

The accounts, formally known as Section 530A accounts, were created under Trump’s signature tax and spending legislation. They are designed to give children an early foothold in the investment markets, with money generally invested in diversified, low-cost funds tied to the American stock market.

Treasury officials said one reason for switching to automatic enrollment was to ensure that large charitable contributions could reach children regardless of whether their parents happened to know about the program or had completed the registration process.

That issue became particularly significant after Michael and Susan Dell announced a $6.25 billion commitment intended to provide $250 for approximately 25 million children. The initiative focuses largely on children who are 10 or younger and live in ZIP codes with median household incomes below $150,000, subject to the program’s eligibility requirements.

The government’s decision to create accounts automatically means philanthropic programs can potentially reach a far broader pool of children rather than being limited to those whose parents had already registered.

Parents whose children were automatically enrolled still have several steps to complete if they want to take control of the accounts.

Treasury says a parent or guardian should download the official Trump Accounts app, available for iOS and Android devices. During the claiming process, the adult must verify his or her identity, establish the relationship to the child, review the child’s information and accept the account terms.

Once the account is claimed, parents can manage it and family members, friends and employers can begin making ordinary contributions.

The distinction between being automatically enrolled and having a fully claimed account is especially important for parents of babies and young children who qualify for the government’s $1,000 seed contribution.

Children born between January 1, 2025, and December 31, 2028, who meet the program’s eligibility requirements can receive a one-time $1,000 federal contribution. Automatic enrollment by itself does not cause that $1,000 payment to be deposited. An authorized parent or guardian must claim the account and request the federal seed money.

The broader eligibility rules extend considerably further. Any eligible child in the United States who is under 18 and has a valid Social Security number can have a Trump Account, even if the child was born outside the 2025-through-2028 window and therefore does not qualify for the federal government’s $1,000 contribution.

The IRS has specified an additional qualification for children whose Social Security cards carry the notation “Valid for Work Only with DHS Authorization.” In those cases, the Social Security number is considered valid for purposes of the program only while the underlying Department of Homeland Security authorization remains valid.

Beyond the federal $1,000 payment available to qualifying young children, millions of children may be eligible for additional seed money from private donors, employers, state or local governments and philanthropic organizations.

The rules were structured to encourage those large-scale contributions. Qualified contributions from governments and certain charitable initiatives do not count against the ordinary annual contribution limit, allowing children to receive those payments in addition to money deposited by their families.

Parents, grandparents, other relatives and friends can also contribute. Ordinary contributions are generally subject to an annual limit of $5,000 per child.

Employers can contribute as well. Employer payments are capped at $2,500 annually and count toward the broader $5,000 annual limit. A number of major American companies have already announced programs to make or match contributions for the children of employees.

Those dollar limits are not permanently fixed. The IRS says the contribution caps will be adjusted over time for inflation.

The accounts differ in several important ways from traditional 529 college-savings plans. Trump Accounts are intended as broader long-term investment vehicles rather than accounts restricted primarily to educational expenses.

During the child’s growth period, the money is generally invested and allowed to compound. The IRS defines that period as ending on December 31 of the year before the beneficiary turns 18.

After the beneficiary reaches adulthood, money can ultimately be used for purposes including higher education, purchasing a first home or starting a business. The tax treatment of withdrawals can vary depending on how and when the money is distributed.

Early distributions may trigger additional taxes, although the IRS notes that exceptions may apply “such as for distributions for higher education expenses or first home purchases.”

One of the administration’s central arguments for Trump Accounts is that even relatively modest amounts invested at birth could become substantial sums if left invested for decades.

Bessent has previously illustrated the potential by considering a child who receives only the government’s $1,000 seed payment and never receives another contribution. Assuming the S&P 500 were to continue producing an average annual return of approximately 10.5%, he has estimated that the original $1,000 could eventually grow to roughly $600,000 by retirement age.

That figure is an illustration based on an assumed long-term return rather than a guarantee. Stock-market returns fluctuate, and future performance could be substantially higher or lower than historical averages.

The White House Council of Economic Advisers has offered another scenario involving a child born in 2026 whose account receives the maximum permitted annual contributions. Its analysis estimated that such an account could exceed $300,000 by age 18 and potentially surpass $1 million by age 28 under a high-return scenario.

Those projections similarly depend on investment returns and continued contributions and should not be read as guaranteed account balances.

The automatic-enrollment policy also addresses a problem Treasury officials identified during the program’s initial months: millions of children qualified for accounts, but only a relatively small portion of families had actually completed enrollment.

Treasury concluded that requiring every parent to opt in could also undermine large charitable initiatives because donors seeking to help an entire class of children could reach only those whose parents had already registered.

Under the new system, Treasury itself makes the election necessary to establish an account for an eligible child who does not already have one. The department will continue periodically creating accounts as additional children become eligible.

The change means parents who ignored the original Trump Account rollout, missed the registration announcements or deliberately took no action may nevertheless discover that an account has already been established for their child.

It does not, however, mean parents have surrendered control of family money or that Treasury is automatically taking funds from them. The automatic process creates the account; ordinary family contributions still require action by the parent or guardian.

For families, the immediate question is therefore no longer simply whether their child qualifies for a Trump Account. For more than 60 million children, Treasury says the account is already waiting.

The next step belongs to the parents: claim it, determine whether the child qualifies for the $1,000 federal seed payment or other contributions, and decide whether they want to begin adding money of their own.

A large majority of Americans say President Donald Trump’s policies are contributing to higher prices, while his approval ratings on the economy and cost of living have fallen to new lows, according to a new AP-NORC poll released just weeks before the November midterm elections.

The survey found that 65% of Americans believe higher-than-usual prices are the result of Trump’s policies, while just 17% approve of his handling of the cost of living. Only 26% approve of the president’s management of the economy overall.

The findings underscore the political challenge facing Trump and congressional Republicans as voters prepare to decide control of the House and Senate. Recent polling has consistently identified inflation, affordability and the broader economy as among the issues weighing most heavily on voters.

The nationwide AP-NORC Center for Public Affairs Research survey was conducted September 24 through September 28 among 2,140 adults. Interviews were conducted online and by telephone through NORC’s probability-based AmeriSpeak Panel. The poll has an overall margin of sampling error of plus or minus 2.9 percentage points.

Partisan differences remain pronounced. Among Republicans, 67% said elevated prices are primarily attributable to circumstances outside the president’s control rather than Trump’s policies.

The partisan response mirrors attitudes recorded during the Biden administration, although the overall numbers differ considerably. In October 2022, when inflation was a major political liability for President Joe Biden and Democrats, 44% of Americans said higher prices were the result of Biden’s policies. At the same time, 87% of Democrats said factors outside Biden’s control were responsible.

The latest survey suggests that dissatisfaction with Trump extends beyond Democrats and independents, particularly when respondents were asked whether his performance has lived up to what they expected after his return to the White House.

“Trump is also falling short of expectations on the cost of living, with 69 percent of the public saying his handling of the issue has been worse than expected, including 52 percent of Republicans,” noted the poll.

The public’s broader assessment of conditions in the country was similarly negative.

“More than half of adults say the country as a whole, the national economy, and their local economy are worse off since Trump was reelected in 2025,” it continued. “Forty-six percent say they and their families are worse off since the start of Trump’s second administration. Most Americans (73 percent) say the country is heading in the wrong direction, including 92 percent of Democrats and 47 percent of Republicans.”

The economic pessimism comes as Americans continue confronting elevated costs for gasoline, groceries, housing and services. Consumer confidence fell sharply in September, reaching its lowest level in more than a decade, while inflation and the cost of basic necessities continue to dominate voters’ economic concerns.

The latest employment figures have added another complication. The U.S. economy added only 29,000 jobs in September, substantially below economists’ expectations, while unemployment edged upward from 4.1% to 4.2%. Earlier employment estimates for July and August were also revised downward by a combined 60,000 jobs.

At the same time, inflation remains persistent. Consumer prices were 3.4% higher in August than a year earlier, while wage growth has slowed, increasing the pressure on households already concerned about affordability.

Trump and his allies have argued that the administration inherited significant economic problems and that its policies on energy, taxes, trade and deregulation will ultimately produce lower prices and stronger growth. The president has also increasingly focused his midterm campaign appearances on the economy and has argued that Republican control of Congress is necessary to carry out his agenda.

The AP-NORC results indicate, however, that many Americans are currently assigning responsibility for their economic frustrations directly to the White House.

The findings are particularly significant because Trump historically performed relatively strongly with voters on economic issues. His current 26% economic approval rating represents a substantial deterioration from earlier in his presidency and comes as Republicans defend narrow congressional majorities.

The poll also found considerable dissatisfaction with Trump’s trade policies. Sixty-eight percent disapprove of his handling of trade negotiations with other countries, while 58% say his performance on trade has been worse than they expected during his second term.

Trump’s aggressive use of tariffs is also unpopular with a majority of respondents. Sixty-four percent said the administration has gone too far in imposing new tariffs on foreign countries.

The president has defended tariffs as a tool for protecting American manufacturers, forcing trading partners to negotiate more favorable agreements and encouraging companies to move production to the United States. Critics have argued that tariffs can increase costs for American businesses and consumers when importers pass the added expense along through higher prices.

Immigration remains a comparatively stronger issue for Trump, although he is still underwater with the public. Thirty-nine percent approve of his handling of immigration, a figure that has remained relatively stable in recent surveys.

“About half (48 percent) say his handling of immigration has gone worse than expected, another quarter (23 percent) feel that it has gone better than expected,” the study added.

The administration’s handling of Iran is receiving even lower marks. Seventy-one percent of respondents said they disapprove of Trump’s handling of Iran, while 69% said the war with Iran has not been worth fighting.

Those numbers come as the administration continues a naval blockade intended to choke off Iranian oil revenue while simultaneously engaging Tehran through diplomatic channels in an effort to reach an agreement over the Strait of Hormuz and other outstanding issues.

Another finding that could concern the White House involves perceptions of Trump’s ability to fulfill his commitments. Only 17% of Americans said Trump keeps his promises. Among Republicans, 36% said he keeps them, while 48% said he tries to fulfill his promises but is unable to do so.

The economic concerns are also beginning to affect perceptions of the two major parties. A separate analysis of respondents from the same AP-NORC survey found registered voters now give Democrats an advantage over Republicans when asked which party they trust more to handle both the economy and the cost of living.

That advantage does not translate into broad enthusiasm for Democrats. The same survey found considerable distrust of both parties, with relatively few voters saying either Republicans or Democrats are focused on helping people like them or are capable of solving the country’s most important problems.

Other polling has likewise shown affordability becoming central to the midterm campaign. A recent Fox News survey found that roughly three-quarters of voters said inflation had caused them financial hardship, while 54% expected economic conditions to deteriorate further.

Republican leaders have acknowledged that the cost of living will be critical in the final stretch of the campaign. The GOP is attempting to increase turnout among Trump supporters while defending slim congressional majorities, and the president has begun an intensified campaign schedule aimed at mobilizing voters who turned out for him in presidential elections but have historically been less reliable in midterms.

Trump pushed back against unfavorable polling during a campaign appearance in Ohio, arguing that surveys do not adequately account for the effect of his personal campaigning and urging his supporters to approach November as though his own name were on the ballot.

The president’s overall approval numbers have varied considerably depending on the poll and methodology, with recent surveys placing him between the upper 20s and upper 30s. But across multiple surveys, concerns over inflation and affordability have emerged as a consistent vulnerability for the administration and Republicans heading into Election Day.

With less than a month remaining before voters cast their ballots, the AP-NORC survey suggests the political debate over the economy is increasingly centered on a straightforward question for Americans: whether their financial circumstances have improved since Trump returned to the White House. For nearly half of those surveyed, the answer about their own families was that they are worse off than when his second administration began.

Remarkable details about the daily life of the renowned mekubal Rav Dovid Shalom Batzri zt”l have emerged following his petirah, with Rav Yaakov Ades describing years in which he watched the venerated mekubal devote virtually every waking hour to Torah, lengthy tefillos and helping other Yidden.

Rav Batzri, the longtime rosh yeshiva of Yeshivas Hamekubalim Hashalom in Yerushalayim and one of the most prominent mekubalim of his generation, was niftar on Erev Sukkos at the age of 85. He had collapsed while in Bnei Brak and was rushed to Sheba Medical Center following prolonged resuscitation efforts, but was ultimately niftar at the hospital.

His levayah departed from Yeshivas Hashalom on Rechov Tachkemoni in Yerushalayim and proceeded to the Sanhedria cemetery, where he was buried alongside his wife, Rebbetzin Tzipora Batzri a”h, who was niftar on Erev Pesach 2020.

In an extensive conversation with Rav Moshe Ben Lulu on Kol Chai’s “B’Govah Halev” program, Rav Ades offered an unusually intimate glimpse into Rav Batzri’s private avodas Hashem. Rav Ades said that for years he spent “most of the day in the same room” with Rav Batzri, learning alongside him and observing a daily regimen that he found difficult to comprehend even while witnessing it firsthand.

“He would arrive at the yeshiva at around a quarter to five in the morning and leave at around two in the morning,” Rav Ades recalled.

That schedule left Rav Batzri with barely a few hours away from the yeshiva each day. Even his eating, Rav Ades said, was strikingly minimal. During the week, he rarely sat down for conventional meals, subsisting instead on small amounts of salad, crackers, fruit and vegetables.

“I didn’t understand how he survived. No one should try to imitate this. His vitality came from the Torah. The Torah gave him life.”

Rav Ades stressed that Rav Batzri’s regimen was not something others should attempt to emulate physically. What astonished him was the degree to which Rav Batzri appeared to draw his strength from learning and avodah despite sleeping and eating so little.

“It is truly very difficult to eulogize such a great person, with so many qualities,” Rav Ades said.

Rav Batzri was born in Yerushalayim in 1941 to Rav Yosef and Victoria Batzri and descended from an illustrious family of Iraqi Torah giants. He was a descendant of the great mekubal Rav Yehuda Fatiyah zt”l and was related to the Ben Ish Chai. In his youth, he learned at Yeshivas Porat Yosef and absorbed Torah from some of the leading Sephardic gedolim and mekubalim of the previous generation.

He later married Rebbetzin Tzipora, daughter of the famed mekubal Rav Salman Mutzafi zt”l, and devoted his life in particular to the study and transmission of Torat hanistar. Over the years, Yeshivas Hashalom became a major address for the study of Kabbalah and the kavanos of the Arizal and Rashash.

Rav Ades said Rav Batzri’s tefillos were themselves an extraordinary avodah. He would daven according to the kavanos of the Arizal and Rashash, “down to the smallest details,” remaining on his feet in prayer for hours at a time.

Even exhaustion seemed to disappear once the tefillah began, Rav Ades recalled.

“Even when he was weak and tired, he would begin to daven — and receive strength like fire.”

Rav Ades remembered seeing Rav Batzri shed tears as he davened for individual Yidden who needed yeshuos, as well as for Klal Yisroel as a whole. At the same time, he said, there was an unmistakable simcha in Rav Batzri’s learning, even during periods when he was personally experiencing difficulty and pain.

One episode Rav Ades related concerned an individual who had fought against Rav Batzri during a certain period. Later, that same person found himself in need of assistance.

Rav Batzri did not hesitate.

According to Rav Ades, he helped the man “with joy and a full heart, with all his heart and all his soul,” without allowing their earlier dispute to affect his response. Rav Ades said the incident exemplified Rav Batzri’s approach to avodas Hashem: personal calculations and grievances had no place when another person needed his help.

Rav Ades also described a side of Rav Batzri’s life that was far less visible to the public — his extensive involvement in efforts to strengthen Jewish families and prevent abortions.

According to Rav Ades, Rav Batzri invested enormous effort in those activities over many years, and he estimated that “certainly thousands” of children were born as a result of those efforts.

Alongside his public work, Rav Batzri possessed an extraordinary command of the writings of the Arizal and Rashash, Rav Ades said. Yet one of his gifts was his ability to take exceptionally difficult concepts and explain the Siddur HaRashash to students with unusual clarity and simplicity.

Some of those talmidim would themselves eventually become accomplished mekubalim and teachers, extending Rav Batzri’s influence to another generation.

His impact on the baal teshuvah movement was also far greater than many people realized, Rav Ades said, because much of Rav Batzri’s work was conducted behind the scenes.

Among the efforts with which he was involved was the campaign to bring children from secular Israeli homes into Torah educational institutions. Rav Ades said Rav Batzri was among those who encouraged Rav Uri Zohar zt”l to devote a substantial portion of his efforts to bringing Yidden back to Torah and registering children in religious schools.

“One can say with almost certainty that tens of thousands of people who observe Torah and mitzvos today are the fruits of his initiatives,” Rav Ades said.

Rav Batzri remained intensely involved in the needs of individual Yidden and Klal Yisroel throughout his life. Even during his later years, when his health declined and he experienced a number of hospitalizations, he continued teaching Torat hanistar, receiving people seeking advice and brachos, and involving himself in matters concerning the klal and the prat.

Following Rav Batzri’s petirah, Yeshivas Nahar Shalom described him as someone who devoted his life to the precise study of the kavanos, teaching Toras hanistar and davening with extraordinary concentration for Klal Yisroel. He had maintained a longstanding relationship with the yeshiva and its leadership, learning there and encouraging the publication of siddurim devoted to the kavanos of the Rashash.

Rav Ades concluded his remarks by leading a tefillah l’ilui nishmas Rav Batzri and for the yeshuah of Klal Yisroel. But he also urged that the memories and stories surrounding Rav Batzri’s life be translated into something concrete.

In particular, he called for efforts to encourage additional Yidden to keep Shabbos l’ilui nishmas Rav Dovid Shalom ben Rav Yosef Batzri zt”l.

Rav Ades recalled a young man from Nahariya who had once been influenced by a radio campaign encouraging Shabbos observance. The young man began keeping Shabbos himself, subsequently influenced several of his friends to do the same, and ultimately entered a yeshiva to learn Torah.

For Rav Ades, the story illustrated how a single initiative could produce consequences extending far beyond anything its organizers could initially see — precisely the kind of zikui harabbim that had characterized Rav Batzri’s life.

“Do it with all your strength,” Rav Ades urged.

{Matzav.com}

Iran is on the verge of having no oil remaining at sea and no incoming revenue from those shipments for the “first time in history,” Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent said, as the Trump administration tightens its economic blockade and senior Iranian officials publicly acknowledge an increasingly severe financial crisis. Pasted markdown

The extraordinary claim comes after Iran loaded no crude oil onto tankers during September, according to Bessent, leaving Tehran dependent on the dwindling cargoes that were already at sea before the blockade took effect. With those shipments now reaching their destinations, Bessent says Iran’s principal source of foreign revenue is approaching a complete standstill.

“For the first time in history, since they started pumping oil, they will have no oil on the water this week,” Bessent told The Axios Show. “They will have no revenues.”

Bessent described the situation as the culmination of a deliberate three-part strategy pursued by President Donald Trump: first inflicting major damage on Iran’s military capabilities, then imposing an unprecedented maritime blockade, and finally attempting to isolate the Iranian economy from the remaining international trade and financial networks available to Tehran.

The first stage, Bessent said, was the roughly six-week military campaign that began in late February. He said the fighting destroyed Iran’s navy and air force, severely reduced its missile and drone arsenal and damaged Tehran’s ability to rebuild those capabilities.

“We had kinetic,” Bessent said. “We destroyed their navy, their air force, substantially depleted their drone and missile capability, destroyed their chances of rebuilding that.”

The administration then shifted to what Trump has dubbed the “Iron Wall,” a U.S. naval blockade intended to prevent Iranian exports while allowing international commercial traffic to continue moving through the Strait of Hormuz under American protection.

“Then we went to what the president calls the Iron Wall and the blockade, which we’d never done before,” Bessent said. “And now we have Operation Economic Outcast, and we are isolating them economically like has never happened before.”

Operation Economic Outcast, launched by the Trump administration in August, is designed to cut Iran off from sources of revenue and penalize foreign companies, governments and financial institutions that continue facilitating Iranian commerce.

The Treasury Department widened that campaign again Thursday, imposing sanctions targeting major components of Iran’s automotive and railway industries, along with foreign companies accused of supporting them. The administration says the sectors have been exploited by the Iranian government and Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps to support military programs, including missile and drone production and cyber operations.

Among the Iranian companies targeted were major automakers Iran Khodro and SAIPA, as well as several important railway and transportation companies. Foreign suppliers in Turkey, Indonesia and the United Arab Emirates were also targeted as Washington attempts to close alternative economic channels available to Tehran.

Bessent said Thursday that Iran had loaded zero crude oil onto tankers during September, calling oil the regime’s most important source of revenue. The administration argues that choking off those earnings will increasingly limit Tehran’s ability to finance both its military and its regional allies.

The Treasury secretary says the blockade has produced a striking disparity in maritime traffic: Iranian oil shipments have effectively stopped while enormous quantities of internationally traded oil have continued moving through the region.

“Right now, the score, in terms of barrels out of the strait: U.S. about 1.1 billion, Iran zero,” he said.

Bessent had predicted a week earlier that Iran was approaching precisely this moment. At the time, approximately 15 million barrels of Iranian oil loaded before the blockade were reportedly still aboard tankers, much of it headed toward China. Bessent said that once the final cargoes were unloaded, Tehran would have “nothing left to trade.”

One week later, Bessent says the remaining supply is essentially exhausted.

Inside Iran, the economic consequences are becoming increasingly difficult for the government to conceal. The rial plunged to a new record low over the weekend, trading at approximately 2.69 million to one U.S. dollar, after losing more than half of its value over the past year. Inflation has meanwhile risen above 70 percent.

Iran’s central bank has responded by making as much as $2 billion in U.S. currency available through state banks in an effort to stabilize the rial and satisfy soaring demand among Iranians seeking dollars as protection against the collapse of their own currency.

The economic strain has prompted unusually stark language from senior Iranian officials. Mohsen Rezaei, Iran’s top national security official, reportedly described the present circumstances as among the most difficult periods the country has faced during a high-level government meeting attended by President Masoud Pezeshkian and senior ministers. Iranian state media reported his assessment without publishing his remarks verbatim.

Pezeshkian himself acknowledged that conditions have deteriorated, saying his government has adopted a “new posture” to confront the country’s “special conditions.”

The crisis is increasingly being felt by ordinary Iranians as well. Reports from inside the country describe families burning through savings, workers losing jobs, people relocating to less expensive areas and households cutting expenditures on food and other necessities as inflation and the collapse of the rial erode purchasing power.

So far, the economic distress has not produced a sustained nationwide protest movement. Reports from inside Iran indicate that fears of government repression, together with the immediate struggle of families simply trying to meet daily expenses, have limited the extent to which economic anger has translated into organized demonstrations.

The collapse of Iranian oil exports is particularly striking because shipments from other Persian Gulf producers have been recovering. Recent shipping data indicate that regional oil exports have returned to roughly prewar levels despite continuing instability around the Strait of Hormuz.

The recovery has been aided by U.S.-protected shipping routes, alternative pipelines and complicated tanker-transfer arrangements developed by Gulf producers to keep energy supplies moving despite the conflict. The system remains vulnerable, however, as a recent series of attacks on commercial vessels has again raised concerns over maritime security.

The Trump administration says its objective is to preserve that distinction: keep international energy supplies moving while preventing Iran itself from earning money through the same waterways.

War Secretary Pete Hegseth said that American forces can sustain the blockade for as long as necessary and dismissed Tehran’s repeated assertions that Iran controls the Strait of Hormuz.

“Iran wants to play games with things like the Strait of Hormuz. They don’t control it. We do,” Hegseth said. “They have literally gotten nothing through. Our blockade’s been ironclad, and we’re running almost at prewar levels every single night through that.”

Hegseth said the situation has left Washington in a “very strong position,” and urged Tehran to “make the right choice” while an agreement with Trump remains possible.

“If they don’t, the president’s going to have all the options he needs on the table,” he said.

Even as the economic squeeze intensifies, diplomatic contacts between Washington and Tehran have continued. Iranian officials said Sunday that the United States had sent ideas to Tehran through an intermediary in response to Iran’s latest proposal, and that Iranian officials were reviewing them.

The latest contacts have reportedly been conducted with Qatar playing a mediating role. Iranian officials have maintained that the immediate discussions concern the Strait of Hormuz and maritime arrangements rather than a reopening of broader nuclear negotiations.

Tehran continues to demand relief from U.S. economic restrictions and changes to the blockade before it will fully reopen the Strait of Hormuz.

Iranian Parliament Speaker Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf said Sunday that the waterway would remain closed until Washington fulfills seven Iranian conditions based on the Islamabad Memorandum of Understanding, the June framework that briefly established a ceasefire and provided a pathway toward reopening Hormuz and broader negotiations before the arrangement collapsed.

“The Strait of Hormuz will not open until our seven conditions based on the Islamabad Memorandum are met,” Ghalibaf said.

The disagreement reportedly centers in part on the sequence in which the United States and Iran would fulfill their obligations. Tehran says Washington must satisfy the conditions before the Strait is fully reopened, while the Trump administration has resisted accepting an arrangement it regards as inadequate.

Iranian Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi has meanwhile insisted that additional economic pressure or another round of American military strikes will not force Iran to accept Washington’s demands.

“There is no military solution, nor any solution based on new sanctions,” Araghchi said, arguing that negotiations based on “justice and fairness” offered the only path to ending the conflict.

At the same time, Araghchi warned that Iran remains prepared to fight if diplomacy fails, saying that if Iran’s enemies “again choose the path of military confrontation, our response will be stronger than before.”

The Trump administration is also preparing for the possibility that negotiations will fail. Senior administration officials gathered for several hours Friday at Camp David for a previously undisclosed meeting focused heavily on Iran and the administration’s next steps.

Vice President JD Vance chaired the session, which included Rubio, Hegseth, Bessent, CIA Director John Ratcliffe, White House envoy Steve Witkoff and Joint Chiefs Chairman Gen. Dan Caine.

“Things were decided or at least deeply discussed,” one U.S. official said.

Trump offered little information when reporters asked afterward what had been decided.

“If I told you, you would have a major story,” he said Friday. “But you will see. It is working out very well. Iran is not doing well.”

The following day, Trump indicated that he was nearing a decision on how to proceed.

“We have a decision that I’ll make about Iran,” he said. “Iran has been decimated. So the only question is it’ll either be the easy way or the hard way. We’ll have it the easy way or the hard way.”

Iran, for its part, is signaling that it is preparing for another round of military confrontation even while participating in indirect diplomatic contacts.

The Iranian army announced Sunday that it is working to increase both the range and speed of its missiles based on lessons learned during the conflict. Brig. Gen. Mohammad Akraminia said Iran concluded that American forces were now operating farther away from Iranian territory and that Tehran therefore needed weapons capable of reaching targets at greater distances.

Akraminia said U.S. forces had withdrawn as far as approximately 1,000 kilometers from Iran in some areas, prompting the military to work on extending the reach of its missile arsenal.

The Trump administration is closely monitoring a potentially serious public-health incident in Russia after a 28-year-old employee of a Siberian anti-plague research institute died following a suspected case of pneumonic plague, prompting quarantine measures and medical monitoring of nearly 200 people who may have come into contact with her.

The State Department confirmed Sunday that U.S. officials are tracking developments in Russia’s Irkutsk Oblast together with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and other federal agencies. Washington is also pressing Moscow to disclose what happened as conflicting accounts emerge about the woman’s illness and Russian authorities stop short of confirming that she died from plague.

“We are aware of reports of a fatal case of suspected pneumonic plague in Irkutsk Oblast, Russia,” a State Department spokesperson said. “We are monitoring the situation closely with the CDC and our other interagency partners.”

The State Department called on “Russian authorities to share accurate information quickly and openly,” while emphasizing that many of the circumstances surrounding the case remain unconfirmed.

At the center of the mystery is Darya Shipilova, 28, an employee of the Irkutsk Research Anti-Plague Institute, an institution that works with dangerous infectious diseases, including the bacterium that causes plague.

According to Russian independent media reports, Shipilova may have been exposed on September 25 while working with live plague bacteria when a test tube containing the pathogen was accidentally broken. That account has circulated widely but has not been officially confirmed by Russian health authorities.

Shipilova subsequently became seriously ill and was admitted to a hospital in Shelekhov, outside Irkutsk, on September 29. She reportedly developed severe pneumonia-like symptoms and was placed on a ventilator before dying in intensive care in the early hours of October 2.

The case immediately triggered extraordinary precautions. The inpatient section of the Shelekhov district hospital was placed under quarantine, and people who had been in contact with Shipilova were identified and placed under medical observation.

Russian media reports put the number of people being monitored at approximately 189. According to one breakdown, 114 were being observed at one hospital, 63 at another facility and 12 at the anti-plague institute where Shipilova worked.

So far, Russian officials say the people being monitored have shown no signs of illness and have tested negative.

The Russian government’s response nevertheless indicates the seriousness with which authorities are treating the incident. Anna Popova, Russia’s chief sanitary official and head of the federal public-health agency Rospotrebnadzor, traveled more than 2,600 miles from Moscow to Irkutsk to oversee the response.

Irkutsk Governor Igor Kobzev convened a special meeting of the regional commission responsible for sanitary and epidemic prevention measures after authorities received information concerning what he described only as a suspected case of a “particularly dangerous infection.”

Kobzev did not identify the disease as plague, saying instead that authorities were carrying out a full range of epidemic-control measures and that those who had been in contact with the patient were under observation.

The head of neighboring Buryatia, Alexey Tsydenov, initially appeared to provide a more direct confirmation. He said Shipilova had died of plague while stressing that she had not traveled to Buryatia and that there was no outbreak there. His statement was subsequently edited to say that she “may have died from plague.”

Russia’s public-health authorities have since pushed back against reports that Shipilova’s death was caused by the plague bacterium. Rospotrebnadzor said Sunday that she had been diagnosed with pneumonia of unknown origin and that testing had not identified microorganisms connected to her professional work. The agency said the epidemiological situation in the region remained stable.

That leaves a major unanswered question: whether the extensive quarantine and contact-tracing operation was undertaken because Shipilova actually contracted pneumonic plague, because authorities initially feared that she had, or simply as an extreme precaution because of her work with dangerous pathogens.

Reports of the possible laboratory accident have also been questioned by some specialists. Epidemiologist Mikhail Favorov expressed skepticism that merely breaking a test tube would have produced the reported infection because employees working with live plague bacteria should be wearing specialized protective equipment.

The conflicting accounts are one reason Washington is seeking greater transparency from Moscow.

Former CIA officer Dan Hoffman said American intelligence agencies would likely be gathering information from numerous sources in an attempt to establish what actually happened.

“I would also expect our embassy in Moscow to be engaging with their diplomatic counterparts at an official level because we might have people in Russia who might be at risk,” Hoffman said.

“Washington will be speaking to all of our allies and partners in the region and sharing what we know.”

Despite its fearsome historical reputation, plague is no longer automatically a death sentence. The disease is caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis and still occurs naturally in several parts of the world, generally circulating among rodents and fleas.

There are three principal forms of the illness: bubonic, septicemic and pneumonic plague. Pneumonic plague is the form involving the lungs and is considered particularly dangerous because, unlike ordinary bubonic plague, it can spread from person to person through respiratory droplets when there is close contact with an infected individual.

Untreated pneumonic plague can progress extraordinarily rapidly and can be fatal. Modern antibiotics, however, are highly effective when treatment begins early, with health authorities stressing that patients should receive treatment as soon as plague is suspected rather than waiting for final laboratory confirmation.

The State Department similarly emphasized that pneumonic plague “is treatable with common antibiotics, especially when treatment starts early.”

The World Health Organization says pneumonic plague can become fatal within 18 to 24 hours after the onset of symptoms if it goes untreated, but patients have a high chance of recovery when the disease is identified promptly and appropriate antibiotics are administered.

The current incident therefore does not by itself indicate that Russia is facing a widespread plague outbreak. As of Sunday, there were no confirmed reports of secondary infections among the nearly 200 people reportedly placed under observation, and Russian authorities maintain that the regional epidemiological situation is stable.

The secrecy and conflicting information surrounding Shipilova’s death, however, have attracted attention outside Russia, particularly because she worked at an institute specifically responsible for researching plague and other highly dangerous infectious diseases.

Russia has long maintained specialized anti-plague institutes because natural reservoirs of Yersinia pestis exist in parts of the country and neighboring regions. Workers who handle live cultures of the organism are among those for whom Russia recommends plague vaccination.

Russia’s previous publicly reported human plague case occurred in 2016, when a 10-year-old boy in the Altai Republic contracted the disease. Plague continues to occur naturally elsewhere in the world, with cases recorded particularly in parts of Africa.

For Americans, the State Department said there has been no change to its broader warning against travel to Russia, which is already classified at Level 4, “Do Not Travel,” for reasons unrelated to the suspected plague case. Americans who nevertheless travel abroad are being encouraged to enroll in the department’s Smart Traveler Enrollment Program to receive security and emergency information.

For now, the key questions remain unresolved: what caused Shipilova’s fatal illness, whether she was exposed to Yersinia pestis while working at the Irkutsk institute, and whether anyone who came into contact with her was infected.

Elon Musk says SpaceX’s artificial-intelligence operation will be renamed SpaceXSI, embracing President Donald Trump’s push to retire the term “artificial intelligence” in favor of “super intelligence” — and declaring Sunday that the old terminology has run its course.

“No more AI,” Musk wrote on X.

“SI,” he added in a subsequent post. “It’s better.”

Musk then went a step further, declaring, “SpaceX is a super intelligence company.”

When an X user asked Musk whether that meant SpaceXAI itself would be renamed SpaceXSI, Musk confirmed the change.

“Yes, we will make that change,” he replied.

Musk did not announce when the new name will formally take effect. As of Sunday, the company’s website and social-media accounts were still using SpaceXAI, suggesting that the rebranding had not yet been fully implemented.

The move comes less than a week after President Trump signed an executive order titled “Inaugurating the Era of Super Intelligence,” directing federal agencies to replace the terms “Artificial Intelligence” and “AI” with “Super Intelligence” and “SI” in executive-branch communications wherever legally permitted.

The September 29 order directs federal departments and agencies to use the new terminology in official correspondence, public communications, policy documents, websites and other non-statutory government materials.

The order does not automatically rewrite terminology contained in federal statutes, nor does it retroactively alter previously issued regulations, contracts, grants or other historical government documents. Changing terminology embedded in federal law would require congressional action.

The White House said the change is intended to reflect what the administration views as the increasingly advanced capabilities of modern technology, arguing that “artificial intelligence” no longer adequately describes systems capable of increasingly sophisticated reasoning and problem-solving.

“President Donald J. Trump signed an Executive Order to replace the term ‘Artificial Intelligence’ (‘AI’) with ‘Super Intelligence’ (‘SI’) in the executive branch to recognize the continuously advancing technological frontier and the limitless promise it offers the American people,” the White House said in announcing the order.

Trump’s directive also instructs the assistant to the president for science and technology to develop a proposed federal definition of “Super Intelligence” and “SI” reflecting the current state of the technology. The official is also tasked with identifying additional executive actions needed to implement the terminology throughout the federal government.

The White House argues that the word “artificial” suggests technology that merely imitates human intelligence, while “super intelligence” better conveys systems capable of expanding human abilities and performing tasks that were previously impossible.

“The name Super Intelligence conveys the true capabilities of the technologies being developed today, unlocking new forms of human creativity and empowering Americans to achieve what was previously impossible—not simply imitating or automating human intelligence as is implied by the term ‘Artificial Intelligence,’” the White House said.

The administration has increasingly placed advanced computing at the center of its technology and economic agenda, describing technological supremacy as an issue of national security as the United States competes with China and other countries for leadership in the field.

Trump had publicly floated alternative terminology before signing the order, including variations of “super intelligence,” “superior intelligence” and “supreme intelligence.” He also used his September address to the United Nations General Assembly to promote the change internationally.

“From this point forward, all of United States documents, and hopefully the world’s will be changed to use the much more accurate term ‘super’ as opposed to artificial. So it’s super intelligence.”

Musk’s enthusiastic adoption of the terminology is particularly notable because he has been warning about the eventual emergence of intelligence exceeding human capabilities for well over a decade.

In 2014, Musk publicly endorsed philosopher Nick Bostrom’s book “Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies,” which examined the possibility that machines could eventually surpass human intelligence and the dangers that could result if such systems were not adequately controlled.

Musk warned at the time that highly advanced machine intelligence could ultimately present risks greater than nuclear weapons, a concern he has repeated in various forms over the years even as his companies have become major developers and users of the technology.

The SpaceXSI announcement is also remarkable because the operation being renamed has itself undergone a rapid series of corporate transformations.

Musk originally established xAI as a separate artificial-intelligence company in 2023, building the Grok chatbot and the massive computing infrastructure required to train increasingly sophisticated models. The company was subsequently brought together with X, Musk’s social-media platform.

SpaceX then acquired xAI in 2026, combining Musk’s rocket, satellite, communications and artificial-intelligence operations in a massive transaction. The artificial-intelligence operation subsequently took the SpaceXAI name in July.

Now, only about three months later, that name is on its way out as well, with Musk adopting SpaceXSI to conform with the terminology Trump is promoting.

The corporate shift comes as SpaceX increasingly views advanced computing as central to its future rather than merely an auxiliary technology for rockets and satellites. The company has been developing plans for large-scale computing infrastructure in orbit, arguing that space could eventually provide enormous amounts of energy and computing capacity for increasingly powerful models.

SpaceX’s own corporate material describes the company as developing “orbital AI compute,” contending that its launch capabilities and vertically integrated infrastructure could make it uniquely positioned to build computing systems in space.

Musk has also recently deepened his involvement with the Trump administration on technology and defense issues. His Grok technology has been used for some federal work, and Musk has participated in White House discussions with leading technology executives over the future of advanced computing in the United States.

Just days before announcing the SpaceXSI name change, Musk joined Trump and other technology executives at the White House as the administration unveiled an industry accord concerning the development of super intelligence.

Musk has also been tapped to participate in Project Meridian, a Pentagon initiative examining the weapons and technologies the United States could require for warfare decades into the future.

The SpaceXSI change does not appear, at least for now, to represent a technological restructuring of the business. Musk has announced a change in terminology and branding, not an abandonment of the technology commonly known as artificial intelligence.

Nor has Musk indicated that Grok or SpaceXAI’s other products will receive new names as part of the change. He has provided no timetable for completing the corporate rebranding.

{Matzav.com}

NASA is accelerating plans to put a nuclear reactor on the moon by the end of 2030, setting up a new phase of the global space race as the United States seeks to establish a permanent lunar presence years before a competing Russian-Chinese nuclear project is expected to become operational.

The American space agency is moving ahead with Lunar Reactor-1, or LR-1, a compact fission power system designed to operate near the moon’s south pole. NASA wants the reactor deployed by December 2030, approximately six years before Russia expects to have its own lunar reactor operating as part of a joint project with China.

NASA’s Glenn Research Center released draft contracting documents in late August laying out requirements for LR-1. The reactor is expected to generate 20 kilowatts of electricity and operate continuously for at least five years without routine maintenance or human intervention.

The system would use high-assay low-enriched uranium, known as HALEU, rather than highly enriched uranium, and employ a closed-loop Brayton power-conversion system. NASA’s requirements call for the reactor to function automatically even when communications with Earth are intermittent and to withstand the severe conditions near the lunar south pole.

Reliable power is considered essential to plans for a lasting human presence on the moon. Solar power has significant limitations on the lunar surface, where darkness can persist for extended periods and permanently shadowed craters receive no sunlight at all. Those same regions are particularly important because scientists believe they contain deposits of water ice that could eventually support astronauts and potentially be processed into rocket propellant.

NASA says nuclear fission could provide uninterrupted electricity regardless of sunlight, allowing astronauts to heat habitats, operate scientific equipment, charge lunar vehicles and support other infrastructure needed for a permanent base.

The 2030 deadline also reflects an increasingly intense strategic competition among the United States, China and Russia over who will establish a lasting presence on the moon first.

Russia has assigned its state nuclear corporation Rosatom and the Kurchatov Institute to develop a lunar reactor known as Selena. The Russian system is intended to provide power for the China-led International Lunar Research Station, a planned network of installations on and around the moon.

Current Russian plans call for Selena to become operational by 2036. The reactor is expected to generate as much as 10 kilowatts and function autonomously for approximately a decade. Russian officials have said a prototype could be completed several years earlier, with a sequence of missions eventually delivering the infrastructure and nuclear power system to the lunar surface.

China and Russia have steadily expanded their lunar partnership, with Chinese President Xi Jinping and Russian President Vladimir Putin placing considerable emphasis on cooperation in space. The International Lunar Research Station is intended to become a long-term scientific and exploration facility, with its principal infrastructure concentrated around the lunar south pole.

NASA officials are particularly concerned that whichever country establishes major infrastructure in the most desirable areas of the lunar south pole first could gain a significant strategic advantage. The region contains limited locations offering favorable lighting, terrain and access to suspected ice deposits, raising questions about how competing bases and equipment will operate in close proximity.

The United States is therefore pursuing a broader plan that goes well beyond a single reactor. NASA has shifted its lunar strategy toward establishing a surface base and building the infrastructure necessary for sustained human operations rather than limiting Artemis to a series of individual astronaut visits.

President Donald Trump has made American leadership in space a component of his broader America First agenda, and the administration’s national space policy calls for the United States to expand its presence on the moon while developing nuclear power and propulsion technologies for missions deeper into the solar system.

Before attempting to place LR-1 on the lunar surface, NASA plans a major nuclear demonstration much farther from Earth.

In December 2028, the agency is targeting the launch of Space Reactor-1 Freedom, or SR-1 Freedom, which NASA says would become the first fission-powered interplanetary spacecraft. The spacecraft is slated to travel toward Mars while demonstrating nuclear-electric propulsion in deep space.

SR-1 Freedom will carry a 20-kilowatt fission system fueled with HALEU. After escaping Earth’s gravity, NASA plans to activate the reactor and use the electricity it produces to power electric thrusters. The mission will also carry three Mars helicopters, known collectively as SkyFall, which are designed to investigate possible future exploration areas and search for subsurface water ice.

NASA views that mission as a technological stepping stone to Lunar Reactor-1. By flying and operating a reactor in space before attempting a lunar landing, the agency hopes to demonstrate the hardware, establish nuclear-launch procedures, develop an American supply chain and resolve technical problems before the 2030 lunar mission.

The effort marks a dramatic revival of American space-fission technology. The United States has flown only one nuclear fission reactor in space: SNAP-10A, launched in 1965. Although Washington has spent billions of dollars on various space-nuclear programs in the decades since, none resulted in another operational American reactor being deployed in space.

Russia and the Soviet Union accumulated considerably more experience in that area, launching more than 30 nuclear reactors into orbit, primarily aboard military satellites during the Cold War.

The Pentagon is also pouring money into the return of American nuclear technology to space. The U.S. Space Force recently awarded California-based nuclear startup Antares a $161 million contract to advance a reactor system designed for spacecraft.

Under that program, Antares is developing its R1-S space reactor and is expected to conduct a nuclear ground demonstration before integrating the reactor with a spacecraft for eventual flight certification. The award is part of a wider Defense Department effort to develop reliable power sources for military and national-security operations in space.

The rapid expansion of nuclear projects beyond Earth has also raised safety concerns among nuclear specialists, who warn that the renewed competition among major powers could create pressure to move faster than prudent safety practices allow.

Edwin Lyman, director of nuclear power safety at the Union of Concerned Scientists, told The New York Times that adding nuclear technology to the accelerating competition in space “could take a potentially more dangerous turn.”

American and Russian engineers maintain that lunar reactors can be transported safely because the systems would remain shut down during launch and the journey to the moon. The reactors would become operational only after reaching their destinations, sharply reducing the amount of radioactive material that could be dispersed if a launch vehicle exploded or failed during flight.

History nevertheless provides a warning about what can happen when nuclear hardware in space goes wrong. In 1978, the Soviet nuclear-powered reconnaissance satellite Kosmos 954 reentered Earth’s atmosphere unexpectedly and scattered radioactive material across a vast stretch of northern Canada. A major Canadian-American recovery effort subsequently searched thousands of square miles for radioactive debris.

Safety concerns do not end once a reactor reaches the moon. R. Scott Kemp, an associate professor of nuclear science and engineering at MIT, has warned that an accident on the lunar surface could prove particularly difficult to contain because a compact lunar reactor cannot be surrounded by the massive containment structures commonly used at terrestrial nuclear plants.

Another challenge is obtaining sufficient nuclear fuel. NASA’s plans specify HALEU, which contains a higher concentration of the uranium-235 isotope than fuel typically used in commercial American nuclear power plants. Supplies of HALEU remain limited as Washington attempts to establish a larger domestic production capacity.

The issue has become more complicated since the United States moved to prohibit imports of Russian uranium beginning in 2024, part of Washington’s effort to reduce dependence on Russia’s nuclear-fuel industry following Moscow’s invasion of Ukraine.

Rep. Bill Foster, D-Ill., a physicist, has separately raised proliferation concerns surrounding the possibility of using highly enriched uranium for space missions. Foster warned that highly enriched material could potentially be converted for weapons purposes with little more than “a machine shop and a little bit of high explosive.”

NASA’s current LR-1 documents, however, call for high-assay low-enriched uranium rather than highly enriched uranium, an important distinction as the agency attempts to balance performance requirements with nuclear-security concerns.

The race is ultimately about far more than powering a handful of machines. Both the American and Chinese-led programs envision the lunar south pole as a foothold for permanent operations, scientific research, resource extraction and eventually missions farther into the solar system.

NASA’s current timetable would put the American reactor on the lunar surface in 2030, while Russia’s Selena system is targeted for operation by 2036. If those schedules hold, the United States could establish nuclear-powered lunar infrastructure years before the Russian-Chinese partnership — turning an engineering competition that once sounded like science fiction into one of the most consequential elements of the new race for the moon.

A bitter controversy has erupted in Israel after a group held Simchas Torah hakafos with singing, dancing and Sifrei Torah at the site of the Nova music festival massacre near Kibbutz Re’im, where hundreds of people were murdered by Hamas terrorists on October 7, 2023.

The gathering took place on Motzoei Simchas Torah, with participants dancing only meters from memorial installations honoring those who were killed at the site. Organizers said the event was intended as an expression of Jewish faith, resilience and continuity at the very location where Hamas had sought to extinguish Jewish life.

But several bereaved families reacted with anguish and fury, saying that whatever the intentions of those participating, dancing at the site where their children and relatives were murdered crossed an unacceptable line.

Among the most outspoken was Eran Litman, whose daughter Oriya was murdered at Nova. Litman said he encountered the gathering during one of his regular visits to the site.

“It was one of my regular visits to the compound. I saw a group there dancing and partying,” Litman told Radio 103FM.

Litman said there had been an understanding that any gathering would take place in parking areas farther removed from the central memorial site, rather than at the location where the victims were murdered.

“There was an agreement that they would be in the far parking lots and not there. I demanded that they stop. I told them that my daughter danced her last dance there, and that the ground was saturated with the blood of our children, that even the German Nazis don’t dance at Auschwitz.”

According to Litman, those participating initially refused to stop.

“They ignored it, and continued to jump like deer. I grabbed their table and threw it, and then they panicked, some of them tried to push me. I didn’t flinch. The police came, someone from the JNF also came and promised that it wouldn’t happen, the police also promised that they would be removed, and I left,” he said.

The dispute had already been brewing before Yom Tov. Keren Kayemeth LeIsrael-Jewish National Fund, which manages the site, had asked police and fire authorities to prevent organized Simchas Torah festivities there after similar events held last year generated complaints from bereaved families.

KKL-JNF said visits to the Nova memorial would remain permitted, but maintained that organized activities unrelated to remembrance and commemoration should not take place at the site.

KKL-JNF chairman Eyal Ostrinsky compared the sensitivity surrounding the site to that afforded other locations associated with mass murder.

“Just as no one would dare contemplate holding a party at the Auschwitz extermination camp, it is equally unthinkable to hold any celebration at the Nova site in Re’im Forest, where 378 civilians and members of the security forces were murdered,” Ostrinsky said. “We are guided by one single objective: preserving the sanctity of the memory of those murdered.”

Despite the opposition, the Yesh Tikva Forum, which organized the hakafos, announced beforehand that the gathering would proceed.

“The hakafot this evening will take place as scheduled,” the organizers said. “We regret that some chose to stage provocations against bereaved families on the eve of Simchat Torah and overturn the table holding the Torah scroll, precisely at the place where their sons were murdered alongside hundreds of other young men and women, because they were Jewish.”

The organizers said they viewed dancing with the Torah at Nova as an expression of faith and Jewish survival rather than disrespect for the dead.

“We continue with faith and unity, for the victory of the people of Israel. The public is invited to attend.”

Footage from the gathering showed participants dancing with Sifrei Torah and singing “Hoshiah Es Amecha” at the Nova grounds. Some of those supporting the gathering included bereaved families themselves, illustrating the deep disagreement among families over how the site should be treated and how the October 7 victims should be remembered.

Some families have argued that returning to Nova with Jewish music, Torah and dancing represents a powerful response to the Hamas massacre. In their view, the terrorists attacked Jews who were dancing on Simchas Torah, and Jews returning to dance there with Sifrei Torah demonstrates that Jewish life and faith survived the atrocity.

Others regard the location essentially as a cemetery and believe that celebrations of any kind are inappropriate there.

Omri Rahum, whose sister Nitzan Rahum was murdered at Nova while four months pregnant, was among those who objected.

“On this day, my sister was murdered; my family members were murdered,” Rahum said. “They are dancing on their blood.”

“On the monument, on the memorial display, on this sacred area, they are dancing, rejoicing, sleeping and eating,” he said. “It is not appropriate. It is like we would not want them to do this at Auschwitz, Yad Vashem, or any cemetery. From our perspective, it is equivalent to any of these things, if not more.”

The controversy grew further Sunday when Chagai Luber, himself a bereaved father whose son Yehonatan was killed in the war, issued a lengthy condemnation of the decision to hold the hakafos at Nova.

Luber stressed that he personally finds comfort in dancing and celebrating specifically at places associated with tragedy, but said that the wishes of bereaved families who experience such celebrations as deeply painful must take precedence.

“How dare you??? If there is even one bereaved parent for whom dancing, singing and hakafos at the Nova site or in cemeteries cause pain and anguish, the event must not take place and you are obligated to show consideration.”

“And it doesn’t matter if he is in the minority opinion and it doesn’t matter that there are bereaved parents who are comforted by dancing. Because you don’t heal one person’s wound by opening another’s, and there is no democracy in the pain of bereavement. And this is so obvious and simple, and such a basic principle, that I have no idea how people dared to dance and sing at the Nova site yesterday, and how their hearts were sealed, and with what chutzpah they allowed themselves to dance on pain and blood and how what happened there can be called hakafos of a mitzvah, when bereaved families, widows and orphans are wiping away tears?”

Luber also rejected attempts to turn the controversy into a political dispute.

“And how on earth did they turn the obligation of sensitivity into an argument between left and right? And what does this have to do with elections? I simply cannot understand.”

He said those who participated should personally seek forgiveness from families who were hurt by the event.

“And those who danced need to make a pilgrimage to the families who were hurt, and ask with tears of remorse for their forgiveness, and hope that the One who dwells on high, judge of widows and father of orphans, will also forgive them, those dancers.”

Luber concluded by stating that his position was not based on opposition to celebrating Jewish survival at places associated with tragedy.

“The writer is a bereaved father who is very much comforted by dancing and joy specifically in a place where there was destruction and downfall. And nevertheless…”

{Matzav.com}

Britain’s Green Party has formally declared itself an anti-Zionist party, adopted a policy defining Zionism as a form of racism, and endorsed replacing Israel with a single Palestinian state stretching across all of what it calls “historic Palestine,” triggering fierce condemnation from Israel, British Jewish organizations and even several of the party’s own senior lawmakers.

The extraordinary resolution was approved Sunday at the Green Party of England and Wales’ annual conference in Brighton by a vote of 1,022 to 813, making the position official party policy.

Under the newly adopted policy, Zionism — the movement supporting Jewish national self-determination and the existence of a Jewish state — is to be “treated as any other form of racism.”

The motion describes Zionism as an “ethnonationalist political project” and argues that it “privileges one ethnic group on the basis of the subjugation of others.”

It goes considerably further than criticizing the Israeli government, the war in Gaza or Israeli policies in Yehuda and Shomron. The resolution declares the Green Party itself anti-Zionist and endorses the establishment of a “single democratic Palestinian State in all of historic Palestine with Jerusalem as its capital,” together with what it describes as equal rights for all and a Palestinian right of return.

Such a formula would eliminate Israel as a Jewish state and replace the current Israeli-Palestinian framework with one Palestinian state between the Jordan River and the Mediterranean Sea.

The resolution also reaffirms Green Party support for the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions movement against Israel, a complete arms embargo, and what the party describes as “Palestinian liberation.”

The motion insists that its target is Zionism as a political ideology rather than Jews as an ethnic or religious group. It states that “not all Jews are Zionists and not all Zionists are Jews.”

But Jewish organizations and opponents within the Green Party said that distinction does little to address their concerns, particularly because Zionism in its broadest sense — support for Jewish self-determination in Israel — is held by a large majority of British Jews.

The controversy intensified because conference delegates rejected an amendment that would have explicitly protected Green members from being pressured, disciplined or otherwise targeted because of their affiliation with Jewish communal institutions.

The rejected amendment would have said the policy could not be used to “pressure, proscribe or discipline members based on affiliation with Jewish community institutions.”

That decision has fueled fears among some Jewish Green members that belonging to a synagogue or Jewish organization that supports Israel could potentially place them at odds with official party policy.

Salma Yaqoob, a supporter of the motion and a former member of George Galloway’s Respect Party who is now a Green, denied that Zionist members would be targeted.

“Nobody will be removed, challenged, disciplined, suspended because they put forward or articulate their belief in Zionism,” Yaqoob said.

The assurances did not end the controversy, particularly since delegates had just voted against language specifically protecting members from disciplinary consequences over their Jewish communal affiliations.

The measure is now expected to face a possible legal challenge under Britain’s Equality Act. Barrister Adam Wagner KC, who was involved in the case that found Jeremy Corbyn-era Labour responsible for unlawful acts involving antisemitism, said there was a substantial possibility that the Green policy could violate British equality law.

“I think there is a strong risk that the motion as passed contravenes the Equality Act 2010, which applies to political parties, as it will discriminate against and harass people who hold Zionist beliefs and Jewish people more generally,” Wagner said.

He said Zionism, when understood broadly as belief in the existence of a Jewish nation-state, “is likely to be a protected belief” under British law.

The resolution sharply divided the Green Party itself. Four of the party’s five MPs opposed the measure, while former party leader Caroline Lucas, the Greens’ first member of Parliament, also argued against it during the conference debate.

Adrian Ramsay and Ellie Chowns said after the vote that they were “deeply saddened” by the result. MPs Siân Berry and Carla Denyer also opposed the resolution and pledged support for Jewish members who believe they are being targeted because of the new policy.

Chowns warned before the vote that the proposal risked deepening division rather than helping Palestinians or Israelis.

“Zionism is a contested concept with no single definition,” Chowns said. “If this motion passes, the party risks alienating many people, including in Jewish communities. Defining a highly personal and variable identity simply as racism risks reinforcing exactly the zero-sum politics we desperately need to get beyond.”

Denyer similarly warned that the language “risks alienating a significant proportion of Jewish people, including those who vehemently disagree with the Israeli government.”

Green Party leader Zack Polanski, who is Jewish, was not present for the vote. He had left the Brighton conference and was campaigning in the Holborn and St Pancras parliamentary by-election in London.

Polanski’s absence itself became a source of controversy, with some senior Greens reportedly believing he should have taken a clearer stand on one of the most divisive policy questions the party has faced.

Asked by the BBC ahead of the vote whether he personally regarded Zionism as racist, Polanski said, “Well, in the motion, it is defined as the displacement and genocide of the Palestinian people. I think that is clearly racism.”

Polanski and the party’s MPs and co-deputy leaders subsequently issued a joint statement insisting that the Greens “will never tolerate any form of discrimination or harassment.”

“We know there is no conflict between supporting the rights of Palestinians and the rights of Jewish people,” the statement said.

Four Green MPs nevertheless accompanied that statement with their own messages emphasizing that they had opposed the Zionism resolution.

The motion was promoted by a group known as Greens for Palestine, which had encouraged people who were not already Green Party members to join the party so they could help ensure the proposal was debated and adopted.

That campaign has fueled an internal argument over whether the party’s membership is being transformed by activists focused primarily on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict rather than the environmental issues traditionally associated with the Greens.

“There are now two Green parties – the everyday members, and those who have joined for just one reason, Palestine, and who have no interest in anything else,” one Green member who opposed the motion said.

The vote prompted an immediate and unusually harsh response from Israel.

Israel’s Foreign Ministry said the resolution “constitutes a clear antisemitic text according to the IHRA (International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance) definition, as it denies the Jewish people’s right to self-determination.”

The ministry went further, declaring that “the Green Party in Britain has stopped functioning today as a political party and has turned into a terror-supporting entity.”

“The Greens have officially adopted Hamas’s green flag and its ideological platform calling for the elimination of the State of Israel through armed struggle,” the ministry charged.

“The shocking decision adopted today by the Green Party, which legitimizes armed struggle, calls for the establishment of a Palestinian state from the sea to the river, in effect for the destruction of the State of Israel, and equates Zionism with racism. It is no longer a political text. This is a text that crosses the boundaries of political discourse, and as long as it is not removed, it constitutes a stain on the history of the United Kingdom.”

The Foreign Ministry called on Britain’s other political parties to repudiate the resolution.

“All parties in Britain, and first and foremost the Labour Party, must immediately and unequivocally reject this distorted text.”

Foreign Minister Gideon Sa’ar also ordered that Polanski be barred from entering Israel, with the Foreign Ministry saying the decision had been coordinated with the relevant Israeli authorities.

President Isaac Herzog condemned the Green Party decision as “a disgrace and a shame.”

“Those who claim the antisemitic lie that ‘Zionism is racism’ deliberately endanger Jews and Israelis everywhere,” Herzog said.

Opposition leader Yair Lapid responded that it is “not Zionism that’s racism, it is the Green Party.”

British Jewish organizations issued similarly blistering condemnations.

The Movement for Progressive Judaism said, “The motion is antisemitic in its formulation and intention. By adopting it, the Green party has made antisemitism party policy and become a racist party.”

“Jewish self-determination is a right. Declaring it racist is an attack on Jews. The Green party has chosen to brand Jews who hold this belief as racists and make their equal participation in the party conditional on renouncing it.”

Adam Langleben, who helped coordinate Jewish Labour Movement complaints during the Labour Party’s antisemitism crisis under Jeremy Corbyn, described the Green resolution in equally stark terms.

“This is without doubt the most antisemitic and racist motion brought before a mainstream political party in my lifetime. It is Corbynism on steroids, and would seem even more open to legal challenge.”

The phrase “Zionism is racism” carries a particularly charged history. In 1975, the United Nations General Assembly adopted Resolution 3379 declaring that “Zionism is a form of racism and racial discrimination.” The resolution was condemned by Israel and the United States and became one of the most controversial UN resolutions concerning Israel. It was revoked by the General Assembly in 1991.

The world of chazzanus is mourning the passing of renowned chazzan Reb Chaim Adler z”l, one of the leading figures in Ashkenazic chazzanus of his generation, who was niftar over Yom Tov at the age of 86.

For approximately 75 years, beginning when he first stood before the amud as an 11-year-old boy, Reb Chaim used his distinctive and powerful voice in shuls and at gatherings around the world. He became particularly identified with the Great Synagogues of Tel Aviv and Yerushalayim, where generations of mispallelim heard him lead the tefillos.

Reb Chaim was born on 23 Tishrei 5700, October 6, 1939, in the Florentin neighborhood of Tel Aviv. His musical abilities became apparent at an early age, and by 11 he was already serving as a baal tefillah.

Blessed with a powerful lyrical tenor and an impressive dramatic range, he eventually became one of the best-known practitioners of traditional Ashkenazic chazzanus. Yet those who knew his approach said that the beauty of the voice was never intended to become an end in itself. For Reb Chaim, the purpose of chazzanus remained the tefillah.

Over the course of his career, Reb Chaim served for many years as chief chazzan of the Great Synagogue in Tel Aviv. He was later appointed chief chazzan of the Great Synagogue in Yerushalayim, becoming a central and familiar presence there as well.

His tefillos were particularly renowned during the Yomim Noraim and Selichos, when large crowds would come to hear him lead the congregation. His distinctive nusach, powerful voice and emotional delivery made those tefillos memorable for countless people over the decades.

Reb Chaim’s style drew heavily from the tradition of his rebbi, the celebrated chazzan Leib Glantz. He placed particular emphasis on the words of the tefillah and on traditional recitative melodies, while incorporating chassidish motifs he had absorbed during his childhood together with elements of the nusach associated with Yeshivas Chevron.

He summed up his philosophy of chazzanus in a memorable line: “חזן צריך להיות א דאוונער, לא זמר”.

“A chazzan has to be a davener, not a singer.”

That distinction defined his approach throughout his life. He viewed chazzanus not as a concert performance, but as a means of expressing and elevating tefillah, using melody and voice to give deeper expression to the words being recited.

Beyond his decades at the amud, Reb Chaim appeared in concerts around the world and recorded numerous albums. His recordings encompassed classics of traditional chazzanus, chassidish niggunim and Yiddish folk songs, helping preserve the musical traditions to which he had devoted his life.

His influence extended to younger generations as well, both through his recordings and through the many people who heard him personally over the decades. His son, noted chassidish singer Yisrael “Srulik” Adler, continues the family’s musical tradition.

For those who followed his career, Reb Chaim represented more than an accomplished chazzan with an exceptional voice. He embodied a tradition of Ashkenazic tefillah in which the nusach, the words and the emotions of the mispallel were bound together, carrying an old tradition into a new generation.

He leaves behind his wife, children, grandchildren and a large community of admirers and mispallelim who heard his voice during a career that stretched across three-quarters of a century.

With his passing, the world of traditional chazzanus has lost one of its most recognizable voices, but the tefillos and recordings he leaves behind will preserve a legacy built around the principle he expressed so simply: a chazzan must first and foremost be a davener.

Yehi zichro baruch.

{Matzav.com}

Israeli passengers who overpowered the alleged terrorist co-pilot aboard Flydubai Flight FZ1073 say they faced another frightening confrontation moments later when members of the cabin crew demanded that they untie and release the attacker, leaving the Israelis wondering whether anyone else aboard the aircraft might be involved, the NY Post reports.

The extraordinary new account adds another layer to the September 30 attempted attack aboard the Dubai-to-Tel Aviv flight, during which Omani co-pilot Hamam al-Hammami allegedly attacked Captain Smit Machchhar with an emergency crash axe and sent the Boeing 737 MAX into a catastrophic plunge before passengers and other pilots regained control.

“They were asking us to untie the terrorist — we had no idea why,” said banking executive Tzvika Manes, one of the three civilians who took down the would-be hijacker.

“They were saying to free the terrorist — we got instantly suspicious of them,” said real estate professional Daniel Schlichter, who was sitting in the second row, close to the cockpit .

Manes, 40, had been returning from a family vacation in Japan with his wife and three daughters, ages 11, 7 and 6, when the flight suddenly turned into a battle for survival.

According to authorities and passenger accounts, al-Hammami attacked Machchhar from behind inside the cockpit after asking for an opportunity to pray. Armed with an emergency crash axe kept aboard the aircraft, he repeatedly struck the captain as the plane began a terrifying descent.

Machchhar, despite suffering serious injuries and impaired vision, managed after repeated efforts to unlock the cockpit door. That decision proved critical, giving those outside access to the cockpit and an opportunity to stop the attack.

Manes, Israeli plumber Yaniv Hayoun and Asaf Rajuan rushed forward and fought al-Hammami, eventually overpowering him. Other passengers also became involved as the chaotic struggle unfolded near the cockpit.

At the same time, the aircraft was dropping at an extraordinary rate. Flight data examined since the incident indicates that FZ1073 lost roughly 16,000 feet in approximately 30 seconds at the most extreme stage of its descent, subjecting those aboard to powerful negative G-forces.

Hayoun, who had no professional flight training, reached the controls and helped stabilize the aircraft using knowledge he remembered from watching the television program “Air Disasters.” Two Flydubai pilots who were traveling aboard the flight as passengers subsequently entered the cockpit and assumed control of the jet.

Meanwhile, the Israelis had to make certain that al-Hammami could not resume his attack. They forced him face-down and secured his hands behind his back, initially using zip ties and later reinforcing the restraints with headphone wires Schlichter collected from passengers around the cabin.

As he was subdued, Hayoun heard the terrorist cry, “Kill me, kill me” — apparently because he failed in his Jihadist mission, Manes said.

It was at that point, according to Manes and Schlichter, that the confrontation with members of the Flydubai cabin crew began.

Some crew members insisted that the restrained co-pilot be untied. After what the passengers had just witnessed, the request immediately raised suspicions among the Israelis, who refused to allow al-Hammami to be released under any circumstances.

“They said, ‘You are not God, you are not going to kill him,’” Manes recalled. “We didn’t want to kill him, we just wanted him not to kill us.”

The Israelis stressed that they were not trying to harm the restrained attacker unnecessarily. In fact, Schlichter and Manes said they gave the injured al-Hammami an oxygen mask while keeping him securely tied.

“We wanted him to live so he could be investigated,” Schlichter said.

The dispute then escalated into a struggle over who would control the area outside the cockpit. Cabin crew members maintained that they were responsible for the aircraft and needed to remain in the forward section.

The Israeli passengers, however, had no way at that moment to know whether the co-pilot had acted entirely alone. After hearing crew members demand that the man who had allegedly just tried to destroy the aircraft be released, they were unwilling to take any chances.

They ordered the cabin crew away from the cockpit and told them to sit several rows farther back in the aircraft.

“We told them, “Now the policy is we’re in charge and you do what we say,’ ” Manes said.

“We didn’t know what to think, we were in a suspicious mode for every steward.”

Schlichter and a group of other passengers escorted the crew members to approximately the fifth or sixth row, putting distance between them and the cockpit.

“We shouted at them and told them to sit down,” said Schlichter, who has two children and two granddaughters.

The passengers then recruited a physically imposing passenger to stand guard near the cockpit and ensure that nobody entered without their approval, Manes said.

By then, the two Flydubai pilots who had been traveling aboard the aircraft had reached the cockpit and were handling the flight. Their presence was another of the crucial circumstances that allowed the crippled aircraft to reach safety after Machchhar was incapacitated.

The confrontation with the cabin crew eventually subsided. Once the crew members began to “understand that this was a special case,” Schlichter said, they turned their attention to caring for frightened passengers, distributing blankets and water throughout the cabin.

There has been no allegation by investigators that members of the Flydubai cabin crew were involved in al-Hammami’s alleged plot, and no evidence of such involvement has publicly emerged. The passengers’ account instead describes their suspicions during the confusion immediately after a violent terrorist attack, when they had no way of knowing whether the co-pilot was acting alone.

Flydubai has declined to discuss the crew’s conduct while investigations remain underway.

“We remain fully committed to supporting the ongoing investigation and are in close coordination with the relevant government authorities and regulators,” it said in a statement.

The United Arab Emirates has formally characterized al-Hammami’s alleged actions as an attempted terrorist act. Authorities in several countries are now examining his background and how he was permitted to serve as a co-pilot on flights to Israel despite reports that concerns about his extremist views had previously resulted in restrictions on his flying in Oman.

Investigators are also examining whether al-Hammami acted alone or had assistance from an extremist organization. Israeli officials have said the initial evidence points toward a lone attacker, although that assessment has not ended the broader investigation.

The episode has also triggered a major examination of aviation-security procedures in Israel after it emerged that the UAE had transmitted passenger and crew information, including names and nationalities, to Israeli authorities before the flight. Questions are now being asked about why an Omani national who had reportedly previously raised extremism concerns was not flagged before being permitted to repeatedly operate flights to Israel.

Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has ordered a broad review of security procedures governing foreign civilian flights to Israel, while Israeli authorities have moved to tighten restrictions involving flight crews holding citizenship in countries without diplomatic relations with Israel.

For Manes, however, the institutional questions came later. During the crisis itself, his attention remained on al-Hammami and on ensuring that the attacker could not again threaten his family or anyone else aboard.

“I stayed with the terrorist until we landed safely in Tabuk, Saudi Arabia. After that I hugged my daughters and told them they were going to be OK, and that they are heroes,” Manes said.

Once the aircraft was safely on the ground in Tabuk, Saudi Arabia, the adrenaline that had carried passengers through the emergency began to disappear. Some suffered panic attacks. Others began crying as the enormity of what they had survived sank in.

For many, the trauma was compounded by the prospect of boarding another Flydubai aircraft for the journey home.

“They didn’t want to fly back to Israel on another flydubai flight. Many wouldn’t step foot on the plane until they were personally told by the Mossad that the pilots had been cleared,” he said.

Manes, CEO of Barak Capital Underwriting, described himself as a “regular finance guy” who never imagined being thrown into a violent midair fight with the lives of his wife and young daughters hanging in the balance.

He said it was hearing his children that caused him to act.

“When I heard my daughters crying ‘Father I don’t want to die’ — that was the trigger for me to run and fight, I wasn’t thinking of anything, it was just fight or flight,” Manes said.

The struggle itself was brutal. The passengers did not know whether al-Hammami still had possession of a weapon as they fought him at close quarters.

“Punches were flying, we were kicking him, we didn’t know if he still had his knife, we couldn’t see it,” Manes said. “None of us were fighters or heroes, we were just normal guys who wanted to save our families.”

Schlichter, 59, who was also returning from a vacation in Japan with his wife, remembered the terrifying sounds filling the aircraft during the crisis.

“It was sounds you only hear in a movie,” Schlichter said.

Manes emerged from the ordeal covered in bruises. Beyond the physical fight, he described the almost indescribable sensation aboard the aircraft as it plunged thousands of feet.

“The G-Force was like something I never felt like in my life, it felt like everything was soaking, it was a crazy feeling,” he said.

Schlichter said that during the plunge, he became convinced that he was about to die.

“It was the longest minute I’ll ever have in my life, I remember everything, I remember clearly thinking about 9/11, then I thought about my children, my family, how awful it would be for them to hear what happened,” he said.

The aircraft ultimately survived through a remarkable convergence of events: Machchhar remained conscious long enough to open the cockpit door despite his wounds; passengers were close enough to intervene; Hayoun was able to help stabilize the jet; two qualified Flydubai pilots happened to be traveling aboard and could assume command; and the attacker was restrained before he could regain access to the controls.

Both Manes and Schlichter said afterward that they struggled to comprehend how so many crucial pieces could have fallen into place at precisely the right time.

“Statistically this kind of miracle can not be happening, the chance that each one of us, especially would be on the same second where they had to be, I can’t even fathom how unlikely it is,” Schlichter said.

Manes had a simpler explanation.

“I believe that definitely we had divine protection,” Manes said. “Someone up there is watching over us.”

{Matzav.com}

[Video below.] President Trump lavished praise on Israeli plumber Yaniv Hayoun, one of the passengers credited with helping save a Flydubai jet from an alleged terrorist co-pilot, calling Hayoun a “hero” and joking that after his extraordinary performance in the cockpit, “he can be my plumber.”

Trump released a video message from the Oval Office honoring Hayoun, who helped overpower Omani co-pilot Hamam al-Hammami after he allegedly attacked Captain Smit Machchhar with a crash axe and attempted to bring down Flydubai Flight FZ1073 as it headed from Dubai to Tel Aviv.

“He’s an “Israeli plumber. And he’s a Trump fan and I’m a fan of his – a big fan,” Trump said.

“He saved that flight yesterday. He did an amazing job.”

Hayoun’s role in the drama went well beyond helping restrain the attacker. As the Boeing 737 MAX plunged toward the ground following the violent cockpit struggle, Hayoun entered the cockpit and briefly took hold of the controls, helping pull the aircraft out of its dive before trained reserve pilots aboard the flight could take over.

In one of the more remarkable details to emerge from the incident, Hayoun said his understanding of what to do came in part from watching television programs about aviation disasters, including the Smithsonian Channel’s Air Disasters, which examines crashes and other aviation emergencies and reconstructs how pilots respond to them.

The aircraft reportedly plunged more than 17,000 feet in less than two minutes during the attack. Hayoun said he pulled back on the controls and helped arrest the descent — applying what he remembered from watching aviation-disaster programs despite having no formal pilot training.

“He’s my kind of guy. He can be my plumber. He can be whatever he wants to be. What a job he did – he’s a hero,” the president added.

Trump also congratulated Hayoun’s family and ended his message on a personal note, telling the Israeli plumber, “You like me, and I like you. Thank you, Yaniv.”

Hayoun was among a group of passengers whose intervention helped prevent what authorities believe could have become one of the deadliest aviation terror attacks in years. The aircraft was carrying more than 170 people when al-Hammami allegedly attacked Machchhar inside the locked cockpit.

Despite suffering severe wounds, Machchhar managed to unlock the cockpit door, allowing passengers and crew members to enter. Hayoun and others then fought with al-Hammami and eventually subdued and restrained him.

Dr. Shota Musaev, an Israeli dentist aboard the flight, also played a critical role, helping overpower the attacker and then providing emergency medical treatment to the badly wounded captain.

After Hayoun helped stabilize the aircraft, two additional Flydubai pilots who happened to be traveling aboard the flight took control. The plane was diverted to Tabuk, Saudi Arabia, where it landed safely.

Hayoun returned to Israel still wearing a bloodstained shirt and was soon embraced by Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, who publicly praised him and the other passengers who intervened. Netanyahu even posted a glowing recommendation for Hayoun’s plumbing business, describing him as “a hero who has saved many lives.”

“He can help you too — I highly recommend him!” Netanyahu wrote.

The Israeli passengers involved in stopping the attack have since been recommended for the Presidential Award for Civilian Heroism, while Israeli officials have also announced plans to honor those involved in saving the flight at a future Independence Day torch-lighting ceremony.

Trump’s video followed a meeting between Hayoun and U.S. Ambassador to Israel Mike Huckabee, who welcomed Hayoun and his wife, Meital, to the U.S. Embassy in Yerushalayim.

Huckabee presented Hayoun with one of Trump’s signature red MAGA hats bearing the president’s autograph. The ambassador said Trump had personally given him the signed hat during a visit to the White House, and he decided Hayoun had earned it through his actions aboard the aircraft.

“Thank you for saving the lives of 170 people,” Huckabee told him.

Huckabee told Hayoun that had he not acted, nearly 200 families might instead have been mourning, and said Trump had been deeply impressed by the Israeli’s willingness to risk his own life for people he did not know.

The ambassador told Hayoun that he himself had never done anything comparable and therefore believed the signed presidential hat belonged with the Israeli plumber.

Hayoun described the survival of the aircraft and everyone aboard as the product of a remarkable series of circumstances that fell into place at precisely the right moments.

He spoke about the “little miracles” that allowed him and the other passengers to wrest control of the cockpit from the attacker and save the aircraft.

Hayoun also used his meeting with Huckabee to send a personal message of gratitude to Trump for his support of Israel.

“Given how much you have done for our country, I felt that the public’s gratitude toward you and President Trump, who has done so much for us, was insufficient,” Hayoun said in Hebrew in the video.

He then thanked Trump and told him “how much we value and love you both for what you are doing for our country.”

{Matzav.com}

Rav Meir Tzvi Bergman, Rosh Yeshivas Rashbi, paid a special visit on Sunday, Isru Chag Sukkos, to the residence of the Gerrer Rebbe.

The meeting between the two gedolei Yisroel lasted approximately 15 minutes and included a discussion of divrei Torah as well as pressing issues currently confronting the Torah community.

A central subject of the conversation was the ongoing military draft crisis in Israel and the need to strengthen and stand behind the bnei yeshivos amid continuing efforts to conscript yeshiva students.

During the private meeting, Rav Bergman and the Gerrer Rebbe also drank l’chaim together.

The visit provided a rare glimpse of a personal meeting between two of the most senior figures representing the Litvishe and chassidish Torah communities, coming immediately after Sukkos and against the backdrop of the continuing battle over the status of bnei yeshivos.

At the conclusion of their discussion, the Gerrer Rebbe personally accompanied Rav Bergman toward the exit.

Rav Bergman, seeing the Rebbe accompanying him, asked that he not trouble himself to continue escorting him.

PHOTOS:

{Matzav.com}

The Flydubai co-pilot accused of attempting to carry out a mass-casualty terrorist attack aboard a Tel Aviv-bound passenger jet had reportedly flown to Israel on multiple occasions before the attack — and investigators are now examining whether those earlier trips helped him prepare for what Israeli reports say was a premeditated plan to crash an aircraft at Ben Gurion Airport.

Hamam al-Hammami, the 29-year-old Omani national accused of attacking Captain Smit Machchhar aboard Flydubai Flight FZ1073 on September 30, allegedly sought employment specifically with airlines that operated flights to Israel and used earlier flights to familiarize himself with the route, according to Israeli reports citing information emerging from the investigation.

Channel 13 reported that al-Hammami told investigators that his interest in flying for an airline serving Israel predated his employment with Flydubai.

“I searched and checked which airlines fly to Tel Aviv and therefore I chose Flydubai. I tried to be hired by all the companies. I planned the attack before I was hired,” he reportedly told investigators.

Israeli reports have since gone further, saying investigators believe al-Hammami’s ultimate intention was to continue toward Israel while maintaining the appearance of an ordinary commercial flight and then crash the aircraft into Ben Gurion Airport during the final stages of its arrival.

That reported plan has transformed the significance of al-Hammami’s previous flights to Israel. If the account emerging from the investigation is accurate, his repeated arrivals at Ben Gurion may have provided him with firsthand familiarity with the route and the ordinary operational sequence of an Israel-bound commercial flight.

But there is an important distinction between familiarity with Ben Gurion Airport and access to secret Israeli security information.

Commercial pilots do not need to conduct clandestine reconnaissance to learn a great deal about flying into Ben Gurion. Much of the information necessary to operate a commercial aircraft into Israel is deliberately published and distributed to airlines and flight crews as part of the international aviation system.

Israel’s Civil Aviation Authority provides pilots with information governing Israeli airspace, airports, flight procedures and emergency requirements. Airlines and crews also receive operational information concerning Ben Gurion’s hours, capacity, runway and airport restrictions, arrival and departure procedures and the process for obtaining permission to operate flights.

Knowing the normal approach to Ben Gurion, therefore, is not evidence by itself that a pilot was gathering intelligence. A commercial pilot is supposed to know how to fly into the airport.

Repeated flights, however, provide something that an aviation chart cannot: experience.

A pilot who routinely operates a particular route becomes familiar with how the journey unfolds in practice — the transition into Israeli-controlled airspace, communications with air-traffic controllers, approach instructions, runway assignments under different conditions, movement after landing, arrival at the assigned gate and the ground procedures preceding the aircraft’s next departure.

All of that is ordinary professional knowledge for an airline pilot. None of it necessarily involves obtaining classified information.

But if a pilot already intends to use an aircraft as a weapon, investigators are examining whether otherwise routine knowledge could acquire a very different significance. Someone who has repeatedly flown the route would know from experience what an uneventful arrival looks and sounds like and how the sequence normally progresses as the aircraft gets closer to its destination.

The emerging allegations about al-Hammami’s intended target make that question particularly significant. Israeli media reported that he planned to maintain the appearance of a normal flight for as long as possible before crashing into Ben Gurion Airport. Reports said this was one reason he allegedly waited until the aircraft had reached Jordanian airspace before launching his attack on the captain.

According to another report, if he determined that reaching Israel was impossible, al-Hammami had considered crashing the aircraft into a U.S. military installation in Jordan instead. These reported details remain allegations emerging from the investigation and have not all been independently confirmed by Emirati authorities.

There is currently no public evidence that al-Hammami obtained classified information about Ben Gurion’s security apparatus during his previous visits.

A foreign pilot does not, merely by landing at Ben Gurion, receive information about Israeli intelligence capabilities, classified security deployments, emergency counterterrorism procedures or undisclosed vulnerabilities surrounding the airport.

Nor are foreign crews simply permitted to wander unrestricted through sensitive sections of the airport. Their movements and aircraft handling are governed by airport procedures, with foreign carriers required to use authorized ground-service providers and follow established security and operational rules.

The term “reconnaissance,” therefore, requires some caution. The publicly known evidence establishes that al-Hammami could have accumulated considerable operational familiarity with the route and airport through repeated flights. Whether he deliberately collected additional information about Israeli security is a separate question that investigators have yet to answer publicly.

The larger scandal may ultimately involve something else entirely: Israel knew who was sitting in the cockpit.

Before Flight FZ1073 departed Dubai, the United Arab Emirates transmitted the passenger and crew manifest to Israel, including the names and nationalities of those aboard. Regional officials said Israeli authorities raised no objection to any member of the crew before the flight departed.

Such advance transmission is routine. Israel operates an interactive Advance Passenger Information system designed to receive passenger and crew information from international carriers before flights reach the country. The system allows crew lists to be transmitted and updated before departure.

That means al-Hammami’s identity and nationality were not details discovered only after he allegedly picked up a crash axe inside the cockpit. His information had been transmitted before the aircraft took off.

The question now roiling Israel’s security establishment is what happened — or failed to happen — after that information arrived.

The Shin Bet has said responsibility for checking manifests from foreign airlines lies with the Transportation Ministry. Transportation Ministry officials have responded that the ministry is not an intelligence agency and does not possess the capability to conduct intelligence investigations into every foreign pilot and passenger.

The ministry maintains that foreign airlines are responsible for properly vetting their crews and complying with Israeli restrictions, while intelligence agencies possess the information and capabilities necessary to identify national-security threats.

International aviation rules similarly place substantial responsibility on an aircraft’s home country and airline. Commercial pilots undergo licensing procedures, background checks and medical and psychological evaluations, but implementation and enforcement differ between jurisdictions. Flydubai and its crews fall under the regulatory oversight of the United Arab Emirates.

That system becomes particularly problematic in al-Hammami’s case because information that might have changed the security assessment apparently existed elsewhere.

Reports indicate that Omani authorities had already become concerned about al-Hammami while he worked for Oman Air. He was reportedly monitored after accessing extremist material and was ultimately removed from flying duties and assigned to an office position because of concerns about his radical views.

He later left Oman Air and eventually joined Flydubai. Reports citing sources familiar with the matter say Flydubai did not consult the Omani government about his background before hiring him.

Al-Hammami subsequently found himself flying commercial aircraft to Israel — despite being an Omani national and despite Oman having no diplomatic relations with Israel.

Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has said longstanding Israeli arrangements with foreign airlines were intended to prevent nationals of countries without diplomatic relations with Israel from operating such flights. He said the Flydubai case apparently exposed a “loophole” in that system.

Reports have raised the possibility that al-Hammami possessed dual citizenship or another status that may have enabled him to avoid the nationality restriction. His father is reportedly Omani and his mother Syrian, although Oman has not publicly provided a complete account of his citizenship status.

The result was an extraordinary disconnect: according to the reports now being examined, Oman possessed information raising concerns about al-Hammami’s extremist views; Flydubai hired him and assigned him to Israel-bound flights; Israel received his name and nationality before his flights; and none of those pieces produced an intervention before September 30.

The security failures appear even more troubling because the problem of screening foreign airline crews had already been discussed within the Israeli government well before the Flydubai attack.

Israeli officials had debated for years which agency should bear responsibility for foreign aviation security. Previous reviews reportedly warned about gaps in the system, while two committees recommended creating a dedicated national authority responsible for civil aviation security.

A 2021 government decision shifted additional responsibilities toward the Transportation Ministry. By 2023, officials from the National Security Council, Shin Bet, Mossad and Transportation Ministry were discussing how foreign crews should be evaluated and how intelligence relevant to their backgrounds could be incorporated into the screening process.

A confidential State Comptroller report in 2024 reportedly identified additional weaknesses, and the National Security Council warned in 2025 that portions of the government’s aviation-security decisions had still not been properly implemented.

The problem was not theoretical. Reports indicate that nationals of countries including Iran, Lebanon, Pakistan and Oman had previously arrived at Ben Gurion as members of foreign airline crews, despite the obvious security sensitivities involved.

The Transportation Ministry has insisted that Flydubai had been specifically instructed to perform background checks on its crews and comply with Israeli nationality restrictions. The airline had reportedly confirmed that those restrictions were incorporated into its crew-assignment system.

Yet al-Hammami continued flying the route.

The September 30 attack finally exposed the consequences of those gaps. According to UAE investigators, al-Hammami attacked Captain Machchhar inside the cockpit with an emergency crash axe and attempted to seize control of the Boeing 737 MAX as it flew toward Israel.

During the struggle, the aircraft plunged thousands of feet. Despite suffering serious injuries, Machchhar managed to open the cockpit door, allowing passengers and crew members to overpower al-Hammami. Reserve pilots aboard the flight then stabilized the aircraft and diverted it to Tabuk, Saudi Arabia.

The UAE Attorney General has formally described al-Hammami’s actions as an attempted “terrorist act,” while investigators continue examining his motive, digital devices, ideological background and any possible connections to extremist organizations.

The investigation has now spread beyond Israel, the UAE, Saudi Arabia and Oman. Australian counterterrorism authorities are examining al-Hammami’s years in Melbourne, where he studied at RMIT University approximately a decade ago. Reports have alleged that during his time in Australia he visited radical mosques and extremist websites.

Social-media material associated with al-Hammami has also become part of the investigation. One video reportedly showed Israeli aircraft viewed from cockpits before concluding with an image of Ayman al-Zawahiri, the Al Qaeda leader killed in a U.S. drone strike in 2022.

Other material referred to Humam al-Balawi, the Jordanian doctor who became an Al Qaeda suicide bomber and killed seven CIA personnel and a Jordanian intelligence officer in Afghanistan in 2009.

Those discoveries may provide evidence of al-Hammami’s ideological interests, but investigators have not publicly established that Al Qaeda, Iran or another organization directed the attack. UAE authorities have said they are continuing to investigate possible connections while examining physical and digital evidence.

Israel has already begun tightening the system. Following the attack, Netanyahu ordered National Security Council Director Shmuel Ben Ezra to appoint an inspector to conduct a comprehensive review of security arrangements governing foreign civilian aviation to Israel.

Israel is also moving toward expanded screening of foreign pilots and tighter restrictions on crew members holding citizenship — including dual citizenship — from countries that do not maintain diplomatic relations with Israel.

The Prime Minister’s Office has indicated that Israel intends to know precisely who is flying every aircraft entering the country and to conduct an additional Israeli security assessment rather than relying entirely on the airline or foreign government that licensed the pilot.

The central question surrounding al-Hammami’s earlier visits to Ben Gurion therefore has two very different parts.

What could he have learned? Through repeated flights, he could have become thoroughly familiar with the normal operational experience of approaching, landing and operating at Ben Gurion — much of it based on information available to any properly authorized commercial pilot and reinforced through firsthand experience.

There is currently no public basis for concluding that those visits gave him classified knowledge of Israeli security systems, intelligence capabilities or secret vulnerabilities at the airport. If investigators discover evidence that he deliberately gathered such information, that would represent a significant new development.

But the second question may prove harder for Israeli authorities to explain: How did a pilot who had reportedly already attracted security concerns elsewhere, whose nationality and identity were transmitted to Israel before his flights, and who may have specifically sought employment that would allow him to fly to Tel Aviv, repeatedly make it into the cockpit of commercial aircraft headed for Ben Gurion Airport?

{Matzav.com}

The Torah community in Yerushalayim is mourning the passing of Rav Yehuda Weisbecker zt”l, longtime proprietor of the legendary Otzar Haseforim bookstore in Geulah, who for decades served generations of roshei yeshiva, marbitzei Torah, avreichim and bnei yeshiva. He was 93.

Rav Yehuda was niftar on Friday, Hoshana Rabbah, following a lifetime distinguished by his love of Torah, his respect for lomdei Torah, his integrity and his devotion to helping others.

A son of Rav Yisroel Moshe Weisbecker z”l, Rav Yehuda became a familiar and beloved figure in Yerushalayim and was particularly well known throughout the Torah world because of Otzar Haseforim, the renowned seforim store on Rechov Levush Mordechai in Geulah.

For decades, the store was far more than a place to purchase seforim. It became a destination in its own right for anyone searching for a particular work or trying to determine which sefer would best help him in his learning.

Roshei yeshiva, rabbonim, avreichim and bochurim knew that a visit to Otzar Haseforim meant entering a store where the person behind the counter understood the seforim on the shelves and, often, understood what the customer actually needed.

That was one of Rav Yehuda’s defining qualities. He did not regard himself merely as a bookseller. His extraordinary familiarity with the world of Torah literature made him a trusted adviser to generations of lomdim.

A bochur learning a particular masechta could describe what he was looking for and Rav Yehuda would know which sefer might open the subject for him. An avreich immersed in a difficult sugya could ask for guidance and receive recommendations for works that approached the subject from different directions and could help him develop a comprehensive understanding of the matter.

His advice was also marked by honesty. If Rav Yehuda believed that a particular sefer was not suited to the person standing before him, he would gently say so rather than simply make the sale. His concern was that the sefer should serve the lomed, not merely leave the store.

That approach helped make Otzar Haseforim one of the best-known seforim stores in the Geulah area, serving the enormous Torah community concentrated in the surrounding neighborhoods and yeshivos. Over the years, countless members of the Yerushalmi Torah world came through its doors, and Rav Yehuda earned their trust through his knowledge, patience and straightforward manner.

His reverence for Torah was evident outside the store as well. In Sanhedria Murchevet, where he lived for many years, Rav Yehuda was known as an exceptionally upright individual and a baal chesed who conducted himself with simplicity and consistency.

He maintained a fixed place for tefillah and was exceptionally careful about his established sedarim of learning. Those sedarim were fixtures of his day, maintained with determination throughout the years and not readily surrendered to the demands and distractions of everyday life.

Those who knew him recalled the natural combination that characterized him: the man who spent his working hours surrounded by seforim was himself deeply attached to learning. The respect he displayed toward the roshei yeshiva, avreichim and bochurim who entered his store reflected his own appreciation for Torah and those who devoted themselves to it.

In his later years, Rav Yehuda moved from Yerushalayim to Modiin Illit. During that period, he endured considerable yesurim, which he accepted with ahavah and emunah.

He was zocheh to leave behind a distinguished family and generations of descendants following the derech Hashem, continuing the values of Torah and yiras Shomayim that defined his life.

The levayah took place Friday, Hoshana Rabbah, leaving from Shamgar Funeral Home in Yerushalayim and proceeding to Har Hamenuchos, where Rav Yehuda was brought to kevurah after midday.

Yehi zichro baruch.

{Matzav.com}

The attempted downing of a Flydubai passenger jet bound for Israel has raised a frightening new question for aviation and counterterrorism officials: Could terrorist movements or hostile states seek to radicalize trained commercial pilots, effectively turning trusted members of airline crews into 9/11-style suicide attackers from inside the cockpit?

Miri Eisin, a former IDF colonel who spent more than two decades in military intelligence, warned that the September 30 attack aboard Flydubai Flight FZ1073 could represent a new type of aviation terrorism — one far more difficult to stop than the traditional hijacking model because the potential attacker is already authorized to fly the aircraft. Pasted markdown

“An individual doesn’t get the idea on his own to crash a plane full of people including himself. Somebody told him that if you do that you get your 72 virgins,” Eisin said.

“If you think back to past plane hijackings, including 9/11, the hijacker was never the pilot of the plane. . . . This could be a new kind of suicide bomber,” she said.

Eisin said her immediate suspicion following the Flydubai attack was that Iran or one of its proxies might have played a role, while stressing that she has no direct evidence tying Tehran to the incident and that the international investigation remains underway.

That distinction has become even more important as investigators have gathered additional information. Israeli sources familiar with the initial findings now say the evidence increasingly points toward accused co-pilot Hamam al-Hammami acting alone rather than as an operative dispatched by Iran or an organized terrorist group. Investigators have not publicly established an operational connection between al-Hammami and Iran, Hezbollah, the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps or Al Qaeda.

President Trump has also raised the possibility that Iran could have been involved in the attack, though he has not presented evidence establishing such a connection.

Eisin nevertheless said the concept behind the attack resembles methods she associates with Iran and its terrorist proxies — using radicalization and unconventional means to strike Israel or Israeli interests.

“This to me is very much something that could have come from Hezbollah or the IRGC Quds Force, this is the kind of things that they think of,” she said.

The suspect has been identified as al-Hammami, a 29-year-old Omani national who was serving as co-pilot aboard the Dubai-to-Tel Aviv flight. UAE authorities have formally described his actions as an attempted terrorist attack.

Al-Hammami allegedly attacked Indian captain Smit Machchhar inside the cockpit with the aircraft’s emergency crash axe, a piece of safety equipment normally stored inside the flight deck. The revelation that the weapon was already aboard the aircraft has shifted attention away from how he could have smuggled a weapon through airport security and toward the much harder problem of protecting an aircraft from one of the people entrusted to fly it.

During the violent struggle, the Boeing 737 MAX entered a steep descent, dropping thousands of feet while the badly wounded Machchhar fought to regain control and reach the cockpit door.

Despite serious injuries, Machchhar eventually managed to unlock the cockpit. Crew members and passengers then rushed in, subdued al-Hammami and restrained him while two other Flydubai pilots who were traveling aboard the aircraft took control and diverted the jet to Tabuk, Saudi Arabia.

Machchhar has since described believing that he was going to die during the attack but realizing that opening the cockpit door offered the only chance to save everyone aboard. His actions allowed those outside to enter the flight deck and overpower the attacker.

Saudi authorities detained al-Hammami following the emergency landing and later transferred him to the United Arab Emirates, where investigators have been reconstructing his background, digital history, employment record and possible contacts.

The investigation has uncovered indications that concerns about al-Hammami’s alleged extremist views existed well before the attack. Reports indicate that he had previously worked for Oman Air but was removed from flying duties after authorities became concerned about extremist material and possible radicalization.

Despite that history, he subsequently found work elsewhere in commercial aviation and ultimately joined Flydubai, raising urgent questions about whether information known in Oman was ever shared with other airlines or governments.

There is also a separate question about how an Omani citizen was assigned to a flight bound for Israel. Oman does not maintain diplomatic relations with Israel, and Israeli security procedures were supposed to prevent nationals of countries without diplomatic relations from serving aboard incoming flights unless specifically cleared.

Those failures have already prompted Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu to order a comprehensive review of security procedures governing foreign civilian flights entering Israel, including how overseas airline crews are vetted and how information is exchanged among Israeli security agencies, foreign governments and airlines.

Netanyahu has said that al-Hammami had undergone “Islamic radicalization.”

Eisin said a pilot’s education, career and professional standing provide no guarantee against extremist indoctrination. The very assumption that a highly trained professional would be less susceptible to radicalization, she argued, could itself create a dangerous blind spot.

“Just because someone’s a pilot doesn’t mean they can’t be radicalized, people from all walks of life could be radicalized. [Syrian dictator] Bashar al-Assad was a doctor, Josef Mengele was a doctor,” she said.

“And if you kill Israelis, the whole world applauds you,” she added.

Oded Ailam, a former senior Mossad counterterrorism official and former deputy head of the agency’s global operations, agreed that the incident exposes a particularly difficult security vulnerability, although he has expressed greater skepticism that al-Hammami was formally recruited by a state or terrorist organization.

Ailam said turning an established commercial pilot into a suicide attacker would require a much more complicated recruitment and psychological process than convincing an inexperienced young terrorist to carry explosives into a civilian target.

“Recruiting and convincing a pilot to do something like that, it’s not the same as telling a 15-year-old to strap on a bomb and walk into a promenade and explode himself. This is a very sophisticated and long operation,” he said.

Ailam has said that, based on what is publicly known so far, he considers a lone-actor scenario more plausible. But he cautioned that a “lone wolf” does not necessarily develop extremist ideology in isolation.

“The lone wolf is influenced by the pack of wolves around him, he’s influenced by jihadists, by extremists in mosques, he’s influenced by prominent Iranians calling for death to Israel,” he said.

That possibility has become especially significant as investigators examine al-Hammami’s online activity. Social-media accounts associated with him contained extremist and anti-Israel material, and posts that appeared after the attack included imagery connected to senior Al Qaeda figures.

One video reportedly showed Israeli aircraft filmed from cockpits and concluded with an image of Ayman al-Zawahiri, Osama bin Laden’s successor as leader of Al Qaeda. Material connected to Humam al-Balawi — the Jordanian doctor who became an Al Qaeda suicide bomber and killed seven CIA personnel and a Jordanian intelligence officer in Afghanistan in 2009 — also appeared in material linked to the accounts.

Those discoveries have intensified the investigation into al-Hammami’s ideological development. They have not, however, established that Al Qaeda recruited him, directed him or knew about his attack beforehand.

In fact, Al Qaeda supporters subsequently attempted to capitalize publicly on the Flydubai incident, praising the attacker and urging copycat attacks against American and Israeli aviation. That propaganda has heightened concerns that even if al-Hammami acted independently, his actions could provide a model for others already working within the aviation industry.

For Ailam, that possibility may ultimately present a more complicated threat than a conventional terrorist cell. Organized networks can potentially be penetrated, monitored and disrupted. An individual who becomes radicalized while continuing to function normally in a trusted professional position may leave far fewer warning signs.

“Terror combined with mental disturbances in the pilot, when you combine it together the outcome is horrific. There are a lot of people who are being radicalized who are airline pilots,” he said.

The attack has exposed a weakness built into much of the aviation-security architecture created after September 11. For the past quarter-century, enormous resources have been devoted to keeping unauthorized people out of cockpits. Reinforced cockpit doors, screening procedures and strict access rules are designed largely around the assumption that the threat comes from the passenger cabin.

The Flydubai attack inverted that assumption. The alleged attacker was already sitting behind the reinforced door, had legitimate access to the controls and could reach an emergency axe stored there for safety purposes.

Ailam has noted that pilots occupy a uniquely trusted position aboard an aircraft. Aviation systems cannot operate if every captain and co-pilot is treated as a potential terrorist, yet traditional passenger screening offers little protection when the person posing the threat is a credentialed flight crew member.

That dilemma is likely to become a central subject of aviation-security reviews following the incident. Authorities are examining whether more continuous background screening of pilots is needed, particularly when they fly sensitive international routes, and whether intelligence about extremist behavior must be shared more effectively across national borders.

Ailam has also called for greater international intelligence cooperation and continued monitoring capable of detecting sudden extremist associations or significant behavioral changes among people occupying highly sensitive aviation positions, while warning against indiscriminately treating pilots as suspects.

Another potential response could involve cockpit technology. Current security systems are heavily designed to prevent outsiders from opening the cockpit door, but the Flydubai incident raises the opposite problem: how other authorized crew members can regain access if someone inside the cockpit becomes the threat.

Ailam predicted that airlines and regulators will now have to examine technological systems capable of allowing trusted crew members to regain cockpit access during an emergency without undermining the reinforced-door protections introduced after 9/11.

“It’s impossible to screen every pilot, the answer will have to be technological,” he said.

{Matzav.com}

President Donald Trump has announced that more than 20 million Medicare beneficiaries will receive a one-time $90 payment this month to help offset their Medicare Part B premiums, with the first direct deposits expected to arrive within days and paper checks following later in October.

The White House says approximately 20.8 million people will qualify for the rebate, which will be funded with roughly $2 billion already appropriated by Congress to the Medicare Improvement Fund. No new application is required for eligible beneficiaries, and the administration says the payments will be issued automatically.

Most recipients who already receive federal payments electronically are expected to see a $90 direct deposit on or around October 8. Those who do not have direct deposit information on file will instead receive a $90 paper check from the U.S. Treasury later in the month.

The paper checks will carry the notation, “Medicare Improvement Fund Payment; $90 Payment to Offset October Premium.” Beneficiaries receiving direct deposits are also expected to receive an email or letter from President Trump later in October explaining the payment.

The rebate represents a little under half of the standard Medicare Part B monthly premium for 2026, which is $202.90. Part B generally covers outpatient medical care, including doctor visits, diagnostic testing and other medical services outside of inpatient hospital coverage.

Trump announced the program Friday night, describing the recipients as more than 20 million “wonderful Seniors” and saying his administration was redirecting money that had been sitting in a federal Medicare fund.

Trump called the Medicare Improvement Fund, “a pointless ‘Slush Fund’ that has only been used by Dumocrats in Congress to pay for the Waste, Fraud, and Abuse for their Special Interest friends, and drive up Healthcare costs.

“We are finally using this Fund, along with my Most Favored Nations Deals, to substantially LOWER costs for our Seniors,” the president said in a Truth Social post.

The Medicare Improvement Fund was established by Congress in 2008 as a mechanism for financing improvements to Medicare’s fee-for-service program. The administration says Congress has allocated approximately $2 billion to the fund and that this is the first time the money is being distributed directly to beneficiaries in this fashion.

The fund has long played a role in congressional health-care budgeting, with lawmakers from both parties adjusting or redirecting money assigned to it as part of larger health-care and budget legislation. The Trump administration is now using the available money for direct premium rebates rather than another Medicare program or legislative purpose.

Not every Medicare beneficiary will qualify. The payment is specifically aimed at certain Medicare Part B enrollees, rather than all Americans enrolled in Medicare.

Beneficiaries whose Part B premiums are already paid by Medicaid will not receive the rebate. People who pay an Income-Related Monthly Adjustment Amount, commonly known as IRMAA, because their incomes exceed certain thresholds are also excluded.

The administration has additionally indicated that some beneficiaries enrolled in Medicare Advantage will not qualify depending on how their premiums are handled, meaning the total number receiving the $90 payment is substantially smaller than the overall Medicare population.

For eligible beneficiaries, however, there is nothing they need to submit to receive the money. Medicare and Treasury records will be used to determine eligibility and deliver the payment automatically.

The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services says recipients should therefore be wary of anyone contacting them and claiming that personal information or payment is required to obtain the rebate. Eligible beneficiaries do not need to pay a fee, purchase anything or provide banking information to a caller in order to receive the money.

The timing places the payments in Americans’ bank accounts and mailboxes approximately a month before the November 3 midterm elections, when control of Congress will be at stake. The announcement is the latest in a series of financial initiatives and proposed payments unveiled by the Trump administration in recent weeks.

Trump framed the Medicare rebate as part of his broader pledge to protect Medicare and Social Security and lower health-care expenses for older Americans.

“I pledged to protect and preserve Medicare and Social Security, which were on the verge of RUIN by Joe Biden, who foolishly and maliciously let tens of millions of Illegal Aliens into our Country, and we are doing just that for America’s Seniors,” Trump added on Truth Social.

The administration has also emphasized its efforts to lower prescription-drug prices through agreements based on what Trump calls “Most Favored Nations” pricing, under which Americans would pay prices more closely aligned with those charged for medications in other developed countries.

The $90 Medicare payment comes just days after the administration began another unusual health-care refund program, this one involving approximately 950,000 Americans who purchased insurance through the Affordable Care Act marketplace.

Under that initiative, the administration is distributing $500 payments to eligible consumers in roughly 30 states. Administration officials say those consumers were effectively overcharged because of excessive user fees collected under the Biden administration from health insurers participating in the federal Obamacare marketplace, with the costs ultimately passed along to consumers.

Trump emphasized that the Medicare money and the Affordable Care Act refunds are two separate programs.

The president clarified the $90 senior payment is “separate from the equally substantial Refund ‘Checks’ we are sending to One Million Americans who were overcharged for their Unaffordable Care Act plans by Joe Biden.”

The Medicare payments are expected to cost the federal government close to $1.9 billion if all 20.8 million eligible beneficiaries receive $90. The administration maintains that because the money has already been appropriated to the Medicare Improvement Fund, the initiative does not require Congress to approve a new $2 billion spending package.

The program has nevertheless drawn scrutiny over the administration’s authority to use the Medicare Improvement Fund for direct cash rebates. The fund was created for improvements to Medicare’s fee-for-service system rather than specifically as a mechanism for mailing payments to beneficiaries, making the administration’s interpretation of how the money may be used a significant element of the initiative.

The $90 payment also arrives as Trump continues promoting a much larger proposal that would provide a $5,000 “Trump Dividend” to American citizens if Republicans retain control of Congress in the midterm elections.

Unlike the Medicare rebate, the proposed $5,000 payment is not currently an authorized federal benefit and would involve vastly more money. Depending on precisely who qualified, a nationwide $5,000 payment could carry a price tag exceeding $1 trillion and would require substantial additional federal funding.

Trump nevertheless reiterated that pledge while announcing the Medicare payments.

“Because I delivered on this very important issue for the American People, they can also rest assured the highly popular $5,000 Trump Dividend will be distributed to every US citizen if, and when, the Republicans win the Midterm Elections!,” Trump added.

The administration says eligible Medicare beneficiaries should begin seeing the $90 payments almost immediately, with electronic payments arriving first and Treasury checks continuing through October.

{Matzav.com}

The U.S. Coast Guard has suspended its massive search for six people aboard a medical transport jet that vanished while flying from Bermuda to Boston, after searchers discovered wreckage from the aircraft in the Atlantic Ocean off Nantucket but found no sign of the four crew members and two passengers.

The Canadian-registered Gulfstream G100, operated by Latitude Air Ambulance, disappeared early Saturday morning while transporting a Bermudian patient and a relative to Boston for medical care. Four Canadians — two pilots and two medical personnel — were also aboard.

The aircraft, registration C-GJRP and using the call sign “Heartbeat 104,” departed Bermuda’s L.F. Wade International Airport at approximately 11:40 p.m. Friday and was scheduled to arrive at Boston Logan International Airport at roughly 1:30 a.m. Saturday.

But as the jet approached the northeastern United States, something went badly wrong.

Air traffic control recordings provide a chilling glimpse of the aircraft’s final minutes. The crew apparently reported an electrical problem, while communications with controllers became increasingly difficult.

“Roger, you said you’re coming in blind. Is that what you said?” a controller was heard asking.

The pilot’s response was too weak to be clearly heard in the publicly available recording.

“Are you declaring an emergency or no?” the controller asked.

After another faint transmission, the controller responded: “You’re coming in a little weak so I didn’t hear what your response was, if you were declaring an emergency or not.”

The controller subsequently confirmed that the pilot had declared an emergency. Local emergency personnel were alerted to prepare for the aircraft, with dispatchers initially reporting that the incoming plane was experiencing an electrical issue.

Then both radio and radar contact disappeared.

Flight-tracking data showed the Gulfstream had been cruising at approximately 24,000 feet before suddenly losing altitude. Depending on the tracking source, the jet plunged to roughly 10,000 or 11,000 feet in only a few minutes — a descent of approximately 13,000 feet — before its tracking signal vanished.

Controllers repeatedly tried to contact the aircraft and asked other planes in the area to determine whether they could see the Gulfstream on their collision-avoidance systems or establish radio communication with it. Those efforts were unsuccessful.

The aircraft never arrived at Logan Airport.

Shortly after 2 a.m., federal authorities notified the Coast Guard that the aircraft was missing, triggering a major search-and-rescue operation over the waters south of Nantucket.

The mission involved Coast Guard aircraft, helicopters, boats and cutters, along with assistance from the New York Air National Guard and Massachusetts authorities. Searchers flew repeated patterns over the Atlantic while vessels combed the water below.

On Nantucket itself, police checked the island’s airport in case the jet had somehow landed there without normal communications. At daybreak, local officers and the harbormaster began searching the island’s southern shoreline for any sign of the aircraft.

Later Saturday, the grim first breakthrough came: Coast Guard crews located a debris field in the ocean roughly 20 miles off Nantucket. Authorities subsequently confirmed that the wreckage came from the missing Gulfstream.

The discovery effectively confirmed that the aircraft had gone down, but there was initially still hope that some of the six people aboard might have survived. Coast Guard crews continued searching through the night and into Sunday.

The Coast Guard ultimately covered more than 4,400 square miles during approximately 66 hours of searching, using aircraft and vessels in an effort to locate survivors. None of the six people was found.

On Sunday evening, officials announced that the active search was being suspended.

“Suspending a search is not an easy decision,” Rear Adm. Matthew Lake, commander of the Coast Guard’s Northeast District, said. “We express our deepest condolences to the families and loved ones affected by the tragedy and our gratitude for our partner agencies who helped support search efforts.”

The six people aboard consisted of four Canadian nationals and two Bermudians. Latitude Air Ambulance said the four Canadians were two pilots and two members of its medical team. They had flown to Bermuda to pick up the patient and accompanying relative for the medical evacuation to Boston.

Latitude Air Ambulance, based in Hamilton, Ontario, specializes in international medical transportation, including flights designed to move patients between countries for treatment or return them home while receiving medical care.

The aircraft itself was a Gulfstream G100, a twin-engine business jet commonly configured for corporate travel and specialized operations such as medical transport. The type is capable of long-distance flights and normally carries sophisticated navigation and communications equipment.

Investigators are now trying to determine what could have caused the aircraft’s apparent electrical problems, rapid descent and disappearance.

One of the most significant clues is the pilot’s apparent statement that the aircraft was “coming in blind.” It has not yet been publicly established precisely what the pilot meant by that phrase or which systems had failed, but investigators are expected to examine whether the aircraft had lost critical navigational instruments, displays or communications equipment.

Former U.S. Transportation Department Inspector General Mary Schiavo said a combination of lost instruments and deteriorating weather could become extremely dangerous because pilots deprived of reliable visual and instrument references can rapidly become spatially disoriented.

“Something bad happened with this big drop, and they flew into this big storm. It’s a terrible place to have a loss of your instruments and be flying blind,” Schiavo said. “It’s very easy to get disoriented and not know if you’re turning, climbing, descending, etc. Spatial orientation hits pretty quickly.”

There is not yet, however, an official determination that weather caused or contributed to the crash. Weather observations indicated rain in the region, while surface winds were reportedly not particularly severe. Investigators will need to reconstruct the precise conditions encountered by the aircraft at its altitude and location.

The jet’s rapid descent will also be a major focus. Flight-tracking information indicates that it remained near 24,000 feet for more than an hour before dropping approximately 13,000 feet in only a few minutes. It remains unclear whether that descent was intentionally initiated by the pilots in response to an emergency or resulted from a loss of control or other malfunction.

Investigators will also examine the possibility of cascading electrical failures. A serious electrical malfunction can affect radios, navigation instruments and cockpit displays, although modern business jets have multiple backup systems specifically intended to prevent a single failure from disabling the aircraft.

The debris recovered from the ocean is being preserved for investigators. Officials said during the search that some pieces were difficult to immediately identify because of their condition.

“It’s very difficult at this point to identify exactly what those components are,” Coast Guard search-and-rescue coordinator Kastriot Kastrati said. “The debris that we have recovered, we’ve safeguarded and kept for future investigative efforts.”

Authorities are also expected to search for the aircraft’s flight recorders, commonly known as black boxes. Recovering them could be crucial to determining what happened inside the cockpit during the final minutes, including which systems failed, what warnings the pilots received and why the jet descended so sharply.

Because the wreckage is believed to be in the Atlantic off Nantucket, investigators may need specialized underwater equipment to locate and recover the main portion of the aircraft and its recorders.

The National Transportation Safety Board has been gathering information about the accident, while Canadian aviation authorities are also involved because the aircraft was Canadian-registered and its crew members were Canadian.

The tragedy has touched three countries. Canadian officials said they were working with American authorities and expressed concern for the missing crew, while Bermuda officials remained in contact with the relatives of the two Bermudians aboard.

Before the debris was located, Bermuda Premier David Burt expressed hope that the occupants would still be found alive.

“My thoughts are with everyone on board and their families during this deeply worrying time,” Burt said. “We are praying that all six people will be found safe, and we thank the search and rescue crews for their continuing efforts.”

Canadian Transport Minister Steven MacKinnon likewise said authorities were closely following developments.

“My thoughts are with everyone on board, as well as their families, loved ones and colleagues during this incredibly difficult time,” MacKinnon said. “We are closely monitoring the situation and are working with the relevant authorities as search and rescue efforts continue.”

The investigation now turns from rescue to determining exactly what happened during the short and frightening interval between the first indication of electrical trouble and the Gulfstream’s disappearance from radar.

For now, the known sequence is stark: a routine medical evacuation left Bermuda for Boston; the pilots reported trouble as they approached Massachusetts; the aircraft apparently began operating with severely impaired communications or navigation; it plunged approximately 13,000 feet; and then, over the dark Atlantic south of Nantucket, “Heartbeat 104” disappeared.

{Matzav.com}