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Investigators working for special counsel Jack Smith obtained communications involving nearly 50 journalists at some of the country’s largest news organizations as part of the federal investigation into President Trump and the aftermath of the 2020 election, according to newly disclosed records presented Tuesday by Senate Judiciary Committee Chairman Chuck Grassley.

The journalists were not themselves directly subpoenaed for the messages at issue in the latest disclosure. Instead, their communications were swept up when Smith’s team obtained archived text messages from dozens of government-issued phones used by officials in the first Trump White House. The same collection previously was revealed to contain communications involving 44 current and former members of Congress.

“Jack Smith obtained internal communications from DOZENS of national media outlets communicating with government sources,” the official account for the Senate Judiciary Republicans announced in a Tuesday X post.

“What will the partisan media say about this disgraceful government overreach?” the Senate Judiciary Republicans added.

According to the Senate Judiciary Committee, nearly 50 journalists were represented in the communications obtained by investigators. The committee has not publicly identified the individual reporters, citing privacy concerns.

The news organizations represented in the records span virtually every segment of the national media. They include Fox News, CNN, CBS News and 60 Minutes, NBC News, CNBC, The Wall Street Journal, The Washington Post, Bloomberg, the Los Angeles Times, New York Magazine, Reuters, the Associated Press, NPR, The Mark Levin Show, The Federalist, the Washington Times and the Media Research Center.

The communications were captured through a June 2023 subpoena issued to the National Archives and Records Administration for text messages stored on phones associated with officials who served in the Trump White House. The request sought messages covering October 2020 through Jan. 20, 2021, from phones associated with a lengthy roster of Trump administration figures.

Among those whose government phones were covered were Trump himself, Mark Meadows, Dan Scavino, Ivanka Trump, Stephen Miller, Peter Navarro, John Ratcliffe, Kash Patel, Rudy Giuliani, Kellyanne Conway and Mike Pence.

The National Archives turned over the material to Smith’s office on Aug. 21, 2023. According to records previously released by Grassley and Sen. Ron Johnson, senior Smith prosecutor Thomas Windom began downloading the material within roughly half an hour, and other investigators began accessing it shortly afterward.

That timing has become central to a dispute over whether the special counsel’s investigative team followed procedures intended to keep potentially privileged material away from prosecutors.

Justice Department records released by Grassley and Johnson showed that a separate filter team had been established to examine material collected in Smith’s election and classified-documents investigations before potentially privileged information reached the investigative team. The lawmakers have alleged that investigators bypassed that process when reviewing the White House text messages.

“What will the partisan media say about this disgraceful government overreach? This wasn’t a normal prosecution by any means,” Sen. Grassley told Fox News.

The newly revealed journalist communications broaden an already contentious controversy over the scope of Smith’s investigation, known within the FBI as Arctic Frost.

Earlier congressional disclosures showed that the same White House phone records contained communications to and from 44 members of Congress — Republicans and Democrats — including Sens. Grassley, Ron Johnson, John Cornyn, Lindsey Graham, Josh Hawley, Mike Lee, Cory Booker, Rand Paul, Rick Scott, Susan Collins and Tim Scott, among others.

Smith’s team also used separate legal process to obtain telephone metadata associated with lawmakers. Smith defended those subpoenas at Tuesday’s Senate Judiciary Committee hearing, saying they were relevant to determining who was communicating with the White House as Congress prepared to certify the 2020 election results. The metadata generally reflected information such as the timing and duration of communications rather than their content.

The National Archives production was different because it included the actual content of text messages stored on White House devices — including exchanges with lawmakers and, as Tuesday’s disclosure revealed, journalists.

Grassley and Johnson have repeatedly pressed the Justice Department and FBI for information about what procedures were used to identify and segregate potentially privileged material before prosecutors examined it.

“We are writing to determine what procedures and protocols, if any, Smith and his team used to filter privileged or potentially privileged materials from being impermissibly accessed, reviewed and/or used,” the senators wrote.

The lawmakers have sought records identifying which officials reviewed the material, what privilege safeguards were applied and whether the investigative team encountered attorney-client, congressional or other potentially protected communications.

The Media Research Center was among the organizations whose communications appeared in the records. Its president, David Bozell, had previously criticized major television networks for providing little coverage of congressional disclosures concerning the breadth of Smith’s investigation.

The journalist revelation also comes after Grassley disclosed a much wider set of subpoenas from Arctic Frost. In October 2025, the Judiciary Committee released 197 subpoenas issued to 34 individuals and 163 businesses that sought information concerning at least 430 Republican individuals and organizations. Some sought communications with media companies, members and employees of Congress, Trump White House advisers and Republican donors.

Grassley disclosed additional information at Tuesday’s hearing indicating that Smith’s investigation also obtained financial information connected to thousands of Americans. Smith confirmed during the hearing that his team subpoenaed financial records as part of the criminal investigation, while defending the investigation as evidence-based and lawful.

Smith rejected Republican allegations that the investigation was politically motivated or designed to target Trump’s political allies. During his Senate testimony Tuesday, he said the subpoenas were issued because investigators believed the information was relevant to determining whether crimes had been committed in efforts to overturn the 2020 election.

Republicans, led by Grassley, have characterized the breadth of the subpoenas as evidence that the investigation extended far beyond a narrowly focused examination of Jan. 6.

Grassley noted that some subpoenas sought records dating as far back as 2019 and continuing through 2023, and argued that the collection of financial records, congressional communications and media-source communications demonstrated the extraordinary reach of the investigation.

Smith disputed that characterization at Tuesday’s hearing, defending his prosecutors and saying their investigative decisions were driven by the evidence rather than politics. He also defended efforts to obtain lawmakers’ records as necessary to reconstruct communications between the White House and members of Congress during the events surrounding Jan. 6.

The Senate Judiciary Committee says it has determined the identities of the journalists whose communications appeared in the archived White House messages but does not intend to release their names because of privacy concerns.

The disclosure nevertheless raises a separate set of questions about the handling of reporter-source communications contained within government records, particularly what restrictions, if any, governed investigators’ ability to examine material involving journalists who were not targets of the investigation.

{Matzav.com}

President Trump on Tuesday unveiled America.gov, a sweeping new artificial intelligence-powered government portal intended to give Americans a single place to find federal information and, eventually, complete tasks ranging from renewing passports to enrolling in Medicare.

The new platform, which draws information from roughly 29,000 government websites, currently functions primarily as an AI-powered information and navigation service. The Trump administration says it plans to expand the site later this year and into early 2027 so Americans can complete forms, applications and renewals directly through America.gov rather than being redirected from one federal agency website to another.

”It’s not just simply a website,” Trump said during the launch event, according to the Washington Examiner. ”It’s a restoration of America’s founding promise and it’s a reinvention of your government for the 21st century and beyond.”

Trump presented America.gov at an event at Washington’s Andrew W. Mellon Auditorium as an attempt to fundamentally redesign the way ordinary Americans interact with the federal bureaucracy. The president described the project as one of the most consequential technological initiatives undertaken by the government.

“With America.gov, the federal government no longer stands in your way and it stands only at your service,” Trump said during his remarks.

The portal is designed as what administration officials describe as a digital concierge. Rather than requiring someone to determine which department or agency is responsible for a particular service and then navigate that agency’s website, users can simply describe what they need in everyday language.

”Instead of forcing citizens to search through the endless maze of tens of thousands of terrible government websites,” Trump said, according to the Journal, ”you’ll now have one front door for every single question.”

At launch, the website allows users to type or speak questions into a chat-style interface. The system searches government information and produces an answer while directing users to the underlying official sources. No account is required simply to use the question-and-answer feature.

The platform can already assist users looking for information on such matters as replacing a Social Security card, comparing Medicare plans, obtaining a national park pass, registering a business and finding other government services. The General Services Administration says the portal can also help users find information about benefits, passport renewals and Social Security.

What America.gov generally cannot yet do is complete those transactions from beginning to end. The White House says that later this year users are expected to be able to perform tasks such as passport renewal and Medicare enrollment directly through the platform, with broader form, application and renewal capabilities targeted for early 2027.

Trump on Tuesday signed an executive order directing the federal government to build toward that much broader system.

The order instructs the General Services Administration, White House National Design Studio and Office of Management and Budget to establish America.gov as the primary digital entry point for major public-facing federal services. Agencies will be required to integrate qualifying services with the platform under guidance issued by OMB.

The mandate generally covers online federal services used by more than 100,000 people during a 12-month period. IRS tax-filing services and national-security-sensitive services are specifically excluded.

The administration also intends to integrate Login.gov into America.gov, eventually allowing users to authenticate themselves before conducting government business through the same centralized platform.

Joe Gebbia, the Airbnb co-founder who serves as the United States chief design officer and leads the White House National Design Studio, has played a central role in creating the system. Trump praised Gebbia at Tuesday’s event as one of the driving forces behind the administration’s effort to overhaul the government’s digital infrastructure.

Under the hood, America.gov is powered in part by Google’s Gemini and Grok, the AI system developed by Elon Musk’s xAI, according to Gebbia. Google publicly confirmed its involvement as a technology partner in the project.

The system does not require Americans to know which agency controls the information they are seeking. Instead, its AI can search across tens of thousands of government sites and attempt to find the relevant answer based on a plain-language request.

Trump said that capability could remove one of the longstanding frustrations of dealing with Washington: having to understand the organizational structure of the federal government simply to figure out where to begin.

The administration says America.gov is also intended to address the enormous amount of time Americans collectively spend complying with federal paperwork requirements. The White House has cited billions of hours annually devoted to forms and administrative requirements as evidence that the existing system is unnecessarily burdensome.

The site is being introduced in stages rather than as a finished replacement for existing agency websites. For now, individual agencies continue to operate the underlying services while America.gov serves as the centralized layer through which users can locate information and find their way to them.

As transactional capabilities are added, the administration envisions Americans being able to remain on America.gov while completing increasingly complex government business instead of being sent through multiple agency websites.

The project nevertheless faces significant technical, legal and administrative hurdles. Federal programs operate under different statutes, regulations, identity-verification requirements and data systems, meaning that bringing them together under one interface will require far more than simply building a new website. Experts have also pointed to the need for safeguards against inaccurate AI-generated answers, particularly when mistakes could affect benefits, immigration matters or application deadlines.

The site itself says its answers are drawn from official government sources and provides links allowing users to examine the underlying material. It also warns that it does not provide legal, financial or tax advice.

America.gov’s AI produced some unexpected results almost immediately after its launch. When reporters tested the system with political questions Tuesday, it initially provided answers based on official federal records that conflicted with some of Trump’s own public assertions. The site subsequently began declining to answer some political questions, saying it could not address them.

The rollout is part of a much broader push by the Trump administration to accelerate the federal government’s adoption of artificial intelligence. Tuesday’s America.gov event coincided with a major White House gathering of technology leaders as Trump promoted the potential of increasingly advanced AI systems.

Trump has argued that the United States must maintain its technological advantage over China and has resisted calls for restrictions that he believes could slow American AI development.

“I will never stifle the growth of a technology that will be bigger than the industrial revolution,” Trump said Tuesday. “We can’t stifle it, and we’re leading by a lot.”

With America.gov, the administration is attempting to put that technology directly into Americans’ everyday dealings with Washington — turning tens of thousands of government websites into what Trump says should eventually become a single digital entrance to the federal government.

”This is an incredible transformation,” Trump said, according to Spectrum News.

More than 60 million American children are set to receive Trump Accounts automatically beginning around Oct. 1, under new Treasury Department rules that dramatically expand the child investment program by eliminating the need for parents or guardians to take the first step of opening an account.

The temporary regulations, issued Tuesday by the Treasury Department and IRS, authorize the government to establish accounts for eligible children under 18 who have Social Security numbers and do not already have Trump Accounts. Treasury expects to continue automatically adding eligible children in the future, with roughly 2 million additional accounts projected for each new annual birth cohort.

The move represents a major change from the program’s original opt-in structure, under which an authorized adult generally had to submit Form 4547 to establish an account. Treasury concluded that automatic enrollment would substantially increase participation after early enrollment numbers showed that only a fraction of eligible children had been signed up.

The program’s official website declares, “The American Dream starts now” and promotes “long-term financial security for millions of kids” through the Trump Accounts program.

Automatic enrollment will apply only when an account has not already been established for the child. Children whose parents or other authorized individuals previously opened accounts will therefore not receive duplicate accounts.

There is, however, a significant distinction between automatically receiving an account and automatically receiving money from Washington.

The government’s $1,000 seed contribution is available only to eligible U.S. citizen children born between Jan. 1, 2025, and Dec. 31, 2028, and an authorized individual must specifically elect to receive that payment. Treasury cannot make that election on the family’s behalf merely because it automatically created the account.

That means millions of children may soon have Trump Accounts in their names without any action from their parents, but families with children eligible for the $1,000 federal contribution will still have to request the money.

Automatically created accounts will initially have more limited functionality as well. They can receive certain government and nonprofit contributions, but a parent or guardian must claim control of the account before ordinary family or employer contributions can be deposited.

Parents will be required to establish their identity and demonstrate their legal authority over the child’s finances through the Treasury’s online system or Trump Accounts app. The regulations outline that process, although some operational details concerning how families will take control of automatically created accounts remain to be finalized.

Once an account is fully activated and controlled by an authorized adult, families and others can generally contribute as much as $5,000 annually, with that limit scheduled to be adjusted for inflation after 2027. Employer contributions of as much as $2,500 can count toward the annual limit. Government and qualifying charitable contributions are treated separately and do not count toward the $5,000 ceiling.

The money is designed to remain invested over the child’s youth, primarily in qualifying low-cost funds tracking broad U.S. stock indexes. Distributions generally cannot begin during the account’s designated growth period, which runs through the end of the year before the beneficiary turns 18.

After that point, the account transitions into the broader IRA framework, with withdrawals subject to the applicable tax and distribution rules.

Treasury’s decision to switch to automatic enrollment follows figures showing a striking gap between the number of children eligible for the program and the number whose families had voluntarily enrolled them.

By July 30, Treasury had processed approximately 5.6 million electronic Form 4547 submissions, compared with an estimated 73.4 million children potentially eligible for Trump Accounts. Treasury officials subsequently said total applications had climbed above 7 million.

The disparity was especially pronounced among families reporting no income. According to figures cited in the new rules, only about 10,000 applications had come from that group even though approximately 8.6 million eligible children live in such households.

Treasury cited evidence from retirement plans and state child-savings initiatives showing that automatic or opt-out enrollment tends to produce substantially greater participation than systems requiring people to actively sign up.

The automatic-account system could also greatly increase the reach of major private philanthropic commitments to Trump Accounts.

Among the largest is the $6.25 billion commitment announced by Michael and Susan Dell to benefit children born from 2016 through 2024 who live in qualifying ZIP codes with median household incomes below $150,000. Automatic enrollment could allow children whose parents never independently opened an account to benefit from such large-scale contributions.

The White House said in July that more than 50 companies had also committed to making Trump Account contributions for the children of employees.

The regulations additionally permit certain donors to contribute publicly traded stock rather than only cash. Such securities generally must remain in the account for a specified holding period, including a five-year requirement in circumstances covered by the new rules.

Trump Accounts were created under the tax and spending legislation signed by President Trump in July 2025 and are structured as a special form of individual retirement account for children. The program formally began accepting funded accounts in July 2026.

President Trump has promoted the accounts as a way to give children an ownership stake in the American economy from an early age.

“This is a pro-family initiative that will help millions of Americans harness the strength of our economy to lift up the next generation. And they’ll really be getting a big jump on life.”

With Treasury now moving from voluntary enrollment to automatic account creation, the program is poised to expand from several million participants to tens of millions within a short period — although parents of children eligible for the government’s $1,000 seed payment will still have to take action to obtain it.

{Matzav.com}

Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps directly appealed to American voters Tuesday to oppose President Trump and “take back control” of U.S. policy, inserting the Iranian regime’s powerful military arm into America’s domestic political debate just weeks before the November midterm elections.

In an extraordinary open letter addressed to the American public, the IRGC urged voters to use the political process to challenge Trump’s policies and accused the president of prosecuting an unsuccessful war against Iran. The appeal came as the conflict entered its eighth calendar month and as Washington and Tehran remained deadlocked in indirect negotiations over Iran’s nuclear program, the Strait of Hormuz and U.S. economic pressure.

“You are the ones who empower, with your votes, those who make decisions in your name,” the letter says, according to published excerpts.

“Take back control,” it urges.

The intervention is particularly notable because the IRGC is not simply another branch of Iran’s government. The United States has designated the organization a Foreign Terrorist Organization since 2019, making it the first official military component of another government to receive that designation.

The IRGC was established following Iran’s 1979 Islamic Revolution as a force intended to defend the Islamic Republic and its revolutionary system. It operates separately from Iran’s conventional armed forces and has accumulated enormous military, political and economic power inside the country.

Its overseas Quds Force has also played a central role in Iran’s relationships with armed groups across the Middle East, including Hezbollah, Hamas, Palestinian Islamic Jihad and the Houthis.

The IRGC’s appeal came as the Trump administration continues using both military force and economic pressure to compel Tehran to make concessions over its nuclear program and other security issues.

An IRGC spokesman separately called on Americans Tuesday to protest Trump’s policies, arguing that the administration’s military strategy in the Middle East had failed.

The comments coincided with another round of U.S. sanctions targeting networks Washington says have helped supply Iran’s military.

The Treasury Department announced sanctions Tuesday against 10 individuals and entities based in Iran, Hong Kong and Pakistan, accusing them of assisting Iranian efforts to acquire sensitive technology and equipment for military use.

The sanctions were imposed as part of the Trump administration’s broader “Operation Economic Outcast,” which is intended to cut off revenue and procurement channels supporting Iran’s military establishment.

While the IRGC’s letter fiercely attacked the American government, it attempted to draw a distinction between the Trump administration and ordinary American citizens.

“We share the same pain,” the letter says.

The message portrays Americans themselves as suffering from decisions made by their government and argues that voters possess the ability to force a change in Washington’s approach.

The IRGC also sought to explain one of the Iranian regime’s most notorious slogans, “Death to America,” which has been chanted at official Iranian events for decades.

“‘Death to America’ is a prayer for the eradication of the diabolical ruling elite whose seat of power is the White House,” the letter says, according to the published text.

The attempt to redefine the slogan comes despite its longstanding use by Iranian officials and regime supporters during demonstrations and government-sponsored events targeting the United States.

The letter was released following months of American and Israeli military operations against Iranian military and nuclear infrastructure.

Washington maintains that the central purpose of its campaign is preventing Iran from acquiring a nuclear weapon. Trump has repeatedly insisted that any settlement ending the confrontation must ensure that Tehran cannot develop a nuclear arsenal.

Iran maintains that its nuclear program is intended for peaceful purposes and has accused Washington and Israel of violating its sovereignty through military attacks.

The confrontation has also transformed the Strait of Hormuz into one of the most consequential battlegrounds of the conflict.

The narrow waterway connects the Persian Gulf with the Gulf of Oman and is one of the world’s most important routes for international energy shipments. Disruptions there have affected global oil markets and made restoring normal shipping through the strait a central issue in negotiations involving the United States, Iran and Gulf countries.

The United States has increased military protection for shipping moving through Hormuz, while Trump has recently touted growing quantities of oil successfully passing through the waterway.

Tehran, meanwhile, has sought the lifting of the American naval blockade and restrictions on Iranian oil exports as part of negotiations to reopen the strait.

Qatar has spent recent days attempting to mediate between the two countries, but those efforts have so far failed to produce a breakthrough. Iran wants economic and military relief before making major concessions, while Washington is demanding concrete Iranian movement on its nuclear program.

Against that backdrop, the IRGC used its letter to argue that the American-Israeli campaign has been unsuccessful.

The United States and Israel “failed to achieve any of their declared objectives,” the letter claims.

That assertion represents the IRGC’s characterization of the conflict. The United States and Israel have said their operations have severely damaged Iranian military capabilities and nuclear infrastructure, while Iran has continued to resist American demands and retain significant military capabilities.

The IRGC’s message also comes as Iran faces severe economic pressure. The Iranian rial has fallen to record lows amid the war, sanctions and restrictions on oil exports, while the Trump administration continues tightening measures targeting Tehran’s sources of revenue and military procurement.

The letter’s timing — only weeks before Americans vote in the 2026 midterm elections — gives its appeal an unmistakably political dimension.

Control of Congress will be decided in November, and the IRGC explicitly reminded Americans that their votes determine who exercises power in Washington.

The episode is also striking given longstanding U.S. concerns about foreign governments attempting to influence American political opinion and elections. U.S. intelligence agencies have previously accused Iran of conducting influence operations aimed at American voters, including cyberattacks, covert social-media campaigns and efforts to obtain and distribute political information.

Federal authorities said during the 2024 election cycle that Iranian actors had targeted political campaigns and attempted to influence American public opinion. Tehran denied accusations that it was attempting to interfere in the U.S. election.

Tuesday’s message, by contrast, was public and unmistakable: Iran’s most powerful military organization openly called on Americans to politically challenge the sitting U.S. president.

The appeal came even as Tehran continues participating indirectly in negotiations with the Trump administration through Qatari intermediaries, creating the unusual spectacle of Iranian officials exploring a possible agreement with Washington while the IRGC simultaneously urges American voters to oppose Trump.

Despite that political message, Trump has publicly argued that Iran is increasingly weakened and will eventually be forced to accept American demands.

“They’re doing very poorly. I don’t know if they’re going to give up yet, but they will give up,” Trump said Tuesday.

R’ Michoel Sorotzkin explores the deeper meaning of the zman and keviyus of Sukkos, the significance of geshamim and Nisuch HaMayim in the teachings of the Gra, and a remarkable episode concerning the mitzvah of esrog in the Vilna Gaon’s family ; together with its enduring lesson for future generations.

WATCH:

{Matzav.com}

Nearly a week after Neria Leiter was critically wounded in a terrorist ramming attack on Route 443, his mother, Chani Leiter, has described the agonizing uncertainty surrounding her son’s condition as doctors gradually reduce his sedation and his family waits to see how he will awaken.

Neria, 38, a reserve soldier and the son of Israel’s Ambassador to the United States Yechiel Leiter, remains hospitalized at Shaare Zedek Medical Center in Yerushalayim after suffering a severe head injury in the Sept. 23 attack. He underwent hours of complex brain surgery following the attack and has remained in intensive care. The latest account from his mother indicates that doctors are now less focused on whether he will survive the immediate crisis and more on the extent of his eventual recovery.

“Neria is still on a ventilator. His brain stem is functioning normally. We need to keep a close watch on him, but the doctors are less concerned about his immediate survival and more uncertain about how he will wake up,” she told Israel Hayom. “They have started reducing the sedation, and we are waiting to see how he responds. Right now, there is a great deal of uncertainty. In the best-case scenario, we will begin the long journey of rehabilitation.”

Neria was serving on reserve duty alongside police personnel at the Bell checkpoint near Route 443 when a Palestinian terrorist drove a vehicle toward the security forces and struck him. Israeli security personnel shot and killed the attacker at the scene. Neria was evacuated unconscious to Shaare Zedek, where doctors performed emergency surgery on his brain.

The ordeal has been especially wrenching for the Leiter family, which already suffered the loss of Neria’s older brother, Maj. Moshe Yedidya Leiter, Hy”d, who was killed while fighting in Beit Hanoun in Gaza in November 2023. Moshe, a father of six, had been training to become a doctor and was serving as a reserve officer when he was killed.

Asked how many children she has, Hani answered with words that captured the almost unimaginable position in which the family now finds itself.

“I have eight children. One is in Heaven, one is somewhere in between, and six more.”

Despite everything the family has endured, she said she continues trying to hold onto hope, although there are inevitably moments when doing so becomes far more difficult.

“It really depends on my mood. When I have the strength, I am optimistic. It is genuine optimism. We hear so many stories of miracles, of people who were critically wounded and are functioning today, and that really reassures us.”

The family has been surrounded by tefillos since the attack. Neria’s father immediately cut short his stay in New York, where he had been preparing for Prime Minister Bibi Netanyahu’s visit to the United Nations, and flew back to Eretz Yisroel to be at his son’s bedside. He publicly asked Jews around the world to daven for Neria, saying shortly after the attack that his son “needs a miracle.”

Ambassador Leiter said at the time that Neria had continued serving hundreds of days of reserve duty on multiple fronts even after the family lost Moshe. He expressed his belief in the power of the Jewish people’s tefillos and said that when Klal Yisroel comes together, miracles can happen.

Amid those tefillos, Hani related an extraordinary dream experienced by a cousin of the family. In the dream, the cousin saw both Moshe and Neria.

“She dreamed about Moshe, completely surrounded by light. Then Neria comes toward him, and Moshe pushes him away. He tells him, ‘Go back now. What are you doing here?!’ It is terrible to think about, but it isn’t completely far-fetched, because he was completely unconscious when he arrived at the hospital.”

The dream carries particular emotional weight because of the unusually close relationship between the two brothers. Yechiel Leiter has said that Neria and Moshe grew up sharing the same bedroom and were best friends. After Moshe was killed, Neria assumed an especially important role in holding the grieving family together.

Hani said the family’s experience following Moshe’s death also made the decision of her children to continue serving in combat extraordinarily difficult for her.

“I told them I wasn’t sure I could handle it. So some of them enlisted in logistical roles, but eventually moved into combat. In the end, Neria also fought in Lebanon. While he was there, I spoke with Liat, and she told me she was really afraid. Then he came home and began taking on reserve shifts beyond what was required, in a unit tasked with accompanying police during operations in Judea and Samaria.”

Neria had in fact continued reporting for reserve duty despite the tragedy his family had already endured, eventually serving hundreds of days on several fronts. On the day he was wounded, he was participating in a joint operation with police personnel at the checkpoint when the terrorist struck.

His mother said that after Moshe’s petirah, Neria became one of the central figures holding the extended family together. He worked to keep his siblings connected, arranged family gatherings and tried to fill some of the enormous void left by his brother.

The days since the attack have brought another extraordinary mixture of pain and simcha to the Leiter family. While Neria lay in intensive care, his sister Sarah, who had come to the hospital to be near him while heavily pregnant, went into labor approximately two weeks before her due date. She gave birth at the same medical center, reportedly only about 40 meters from the intensive-care unit where her brother was fighting for his life.

Yechiel Leiter contrasted the family’s current ordeal with the devastating night in 2023 when they learned that Moshe had been killed. With Moshe, he said, there had been no opportunity for doctors to intervene. With Neria, the family has been able to gather around his bedside, say Tehillim and turn to Klal Yisroel for tefillos.

Neria’s wife and children have also been navigating the painful uncertainty. His mother previously said that his wife was stunned that such a catastrophe could strike after already fearing for him during his service in Lebanon. The couple’s oldest son, 11, was told about his father’s condition on the night following the attack.

For now, the family remains beside Neria as his doctors slowly reduce the sedation and watch for signs that will provide a clearer picture of what lies ahead. The immediate danger that dominated the first hours after the attack has eased somewhat, according to his mother, but enormous uncertainty remains regarding his neurological recovery and the rehabilitation he may require.

The family is asking Klal Yisroel to continue storming the Shaarei Shomayim on his behalf.

Please continue to daven for the complete refuah sheleimah of Neria Dov Chaim ben Chana.

{Matzav.com}

Intensive Qatari efforts to broker an agreement between the United States and Iran have failed to break a deepening diplomatic stalemate, with Washington demanding meaningful concessions on Tehran’s nuclear program and Iran insisting on relief from the American naval blockade and economic restrictions before making major moves of its own.

Three sources familiar with the negotiations told Axios that the latest round of shuttle diplomacy produced little progress, despite hours of discussions in New York and Washington and a new two-page compromise proposal drafted by Qatar. The impasse is increasing concern that the current diplomatic effort could collapse and major military operations could eventually resume.

Some U.S. officials reportedly believe President Trump could consider a return to large-scale combat operations after the November midterm elections if diplomacy fails. Trump himself said Sunday, when asked whether he was considering renewed strikes against Iran, “I am always thinking about it.”

Qatar intends to continue trying to bridge the divide, but mediators are becoming increasingly frustrated with the unwillingness of either Washington or Tehran to substantially alter its position, according to officials briefed on the discussions.

Qatari mediator Ali al-Thawadi spent several hours Monday in New York meeting Iranian Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi and members of the Iranian delegation. The discussions centered on a two-page Qatari compromise intended to find common ground between the competing American and Iranian demands.

At the center of the dispute is the sequence in which concessions would occur. Iran wants the United States to end its naval blockade, ease economic restrictions and permit greater Iranian oil exports as part of a process that would reopen the Strait of Hormuz. Washington, however, wants concrete Iranian concessions concerning its nuclear program as part of any agreement.

The Iranian proposal presented during the U.N. General Assembly called for the United States to release frozen Iranian funds, lift sanctions and end the blockade of Iranian ports. Tehran said those measures could be implemented within several days, after which Iran would reopen the Strait of Hormuz and begin negotiations on a broader agreement, including its nuclear program, within approximately one week.

Trump rejected that proposal Saturday.

“They have made a proposal and I rejected it,” Trump said.

He nevertheless indicated a day later that he expected negotiations to continue.

“I expect more talks with Iran [this week]. They want to make a deal, but it is not the deal that I want to make. It is what we would have maybe agreed to a year ago. They overplayed their hand,” Trump said Sunday.

Following Monday’s meeting with the Iranian delegation, al-Thawadi traveled to Washington and met with Trump adviser Jared Kushner and other senior American officials. Vice President JD Vance participated in part of the discussions. The White House declined to publicly detail what was discussed.

For a time Monday, American officials were describing the negotiations much more optimistically.

U.S. officials briefed several news organizations that the indirect talks were “positive and constructive” and that Iran “indicated they are flexible on the nuclear issues.”

Those officials also indicated that Trump could consider sanctions relief and releasing frozen Iranian assets if Tehran took concrete steps to restrict its nuclear program. Axios reported that the administration’s message to Iran included precisely that possibility.

Trump publicly contradicted that account only hours later.

“Axios just released a story that ‘Trump’ offered Sanctions Relief and Frozen Funds to Iran. This is untrue. I offered them NOTHING!,” Trump wrote on Truth Social.

Trump also called the report “a HOAX” and demanded that Axios withdraw it. Reuters subsequently reported Trump’s denial.

The conflicting accounts underscored the uncertainty surrounding negotiations that are taking place almost entirely through intermediaries rather than sustained direct U.S.-Iranian talks.

One source familiar with Monday’s diplomacy said that despite the more upbeat descriptions from some American officials, there had been no meaningful breakthrough.

“It is stuck. The Iranians are asking for things the US can’t accept and the US thinks it is winning so there is no need for compromise,” the source told Axios.

The Trump administration appears to believe that time is working in Washington’s favor as Iran faces mounting economic and military pressure.

The United States on Tuesday imposed additional sanctions on ten individuals and entities in Iran, Hong Kong and Pakistan that Washington says have assisted Iran’s military procurement network. The sanctions are part of the administration’s “Operation Economic Outcast,” an effort to further restrict Tehran’s ability to obtain equipment and financing for its military.

Iran’s currency has meanwhile fallen to historic lows, dropping to roughly 2.5 million rials to the dollar as sanctions, the blockade and months of war continue to hammer the Iranian economy.

Washington also argues that Tehran has less leverage over the Strait of Hormuz than Iranian officials claim. U.S. military forces have been escorting or assisting commercial shipping through the strategically vital waterway, allowing significant quantities of Middle Eastern oil to return to world markets.

U.S. officials recently said approximately 60 million barrels of oil had passed through Hormuz over a 72-hour period. Trump separately said that more than 20 million barrels moved through the strait over one weekend, with a U.S. defense official confirming that approximately 22 million barrels were exported on Friday night alone.

Overall Middle Eastern crude exports rebounded in September to approximately 12.8 million barrels per day, their highest level since the war began, though still substantially below the roughly 18.8 million barrels per day recorded before the conflict.

Iran, however, continues to insist that Washington must address its conditions before a wider settlement can be reached.

Araghchi said the latest discussions with Qatar focused on finding a practical formula for satisfying those demands.

“We talked about ideas and how to find solutions to fulfil Iran’s conditions and how to implement those conditions,” he said. “They had some ideas, and we had a discussion that they will also present to the American side.”

Araghchi said the Qatari mediators could deliver Washington’s response to Tehran after he left New York.

“Whenever the Qataris have a response, they know how to get it to us,” he said.

He has described the latest mediation as an extension of messages being exchanged through Qatar and Pakistan, saying those communications have taken on “a more serious form” since Iran submitted its proposal.

Iranian officials have also pushed back against suggestions that the Trump administration currently holds the stronger hand.

Mohsen Rezaei, secretary of Iran’s Supreme National Security Council, said Tuesday that Tehran had already made its conditions clear and accused Trump of being unable to choose between negotiations and continued warfare.

“Trump is incapable of making a decision,” Rezaei said, according to Iranian media. “Trump is trapped in a quagmire in which he can neither negotiate nor fight.”

Trump offered precisely the opposite assessment Tuesday, portraying Iran as increasingly desperate and predicting that Tehran would eventually be forced to relent.

“They are doing very poorly. I don’t know if they are ready to give up yet. They will give up. This is to stop a nuclear weapon. Iran will not have a nuclear weapon.”

The latest impasse follows months of intermittent diplomacy and fighting. The Strait of Hormuz has become one of the central bargaining points because the waterway handled roughly 20% of the world’s oil and liquefied natural gas supplies before the conflict. Iran sharply curtailed passage following the U.S.-Israeli offensive that began on Feb. 28, sending energy prices higher and disrupting global shipping.

The United States and Iran previously reached a tentative arrangement in June, but that effort ultimately failed to produce a durable settlement. American officials have accused Iran of subsequently violating commitments by attacking commercial vessels, while Tehran says Washington failed to fulfill its own commitments involving Israeli military operations and shipping arrangements.

Despite the present deadlock, neither side has publicly closed the door to diplomacy. Araghchi said over the weekend that Iran remains prepared to negotiate even after Trump rejected Tehran’s latest proposal.

“We only care about our national interests. We are ready for negotiations,” Araghchi said.

“Although we heard from President Trump that he’s rejecting this deal … we are still waiting for an official response through the mediators,” he added.

The disagreement now appears to hinge less on whether negotiations should occur than on what must happen first. Tehran is seeking immediate relief from the blockade and economic pressure before reopening Hormuz and moving into wider nuclear negotiations, while Washington is unwilling to provide major concessions without receiving concrete nuclear commitments from Iran.

For Qatar, which has spent days shuttling proposals between the two governments, that sequencing dispute has become the central obstacle — and, for now, neither side appears prepared to blink.

A new purported ransom message connected to the disappearance of Nancy Guthrie, the 84-year-old mother of Today co-anchor Savannah Guthrie, has been determined to be not credible, authorities said Tuesday, hours after revealing that they were investigating the latest potential development in the nearly eight-month-old kidnapping mystery.

The Pima County Sheriff’s Department and FBI initially announced that investigators had learned of another possible ransom communication and were examining it along with social media activity surrounding the message.

“The PCSD/FBI Guthrie Task Force was recently made aware of a new possible ransom note related to the Nancy Guthrie investigation,” a spokesperson for the Pima County Sheriff’s Department said in a statement during the early morning hours of Tuesday.

“Investigators are also aware of social media comments regarding the note and are looking further into the information to determine its credibility,” the sheriff’s department — which has been investigating the abduction alongside the FBI — added.

By later Tuesday, however, investigators had completed an initial review and concluded that the message was not authentic.

“After further review, investigators determined the text message is not credible,” the sheriff’s department said in an updated statement. “Investigators will continue to review reported messages for credibility and investigate any potential attempts at extortion.”

The purported message reportedly involved a woman who was contacted through social media by someone claiming that Guthrie remained alive and demanding money. The woman herself apparently questioned whether the communication was legitimate and brought it to authorities.

The episode is only the latest ransom-related lead investigators have been forced to examine since Guthrie vanished from her Catalina Foothills home outside Tucson in the early hours of Feb. 1. Authorities believe she was forcibly abducted and continue to investigate the case as a kidnapping for ransom. No suspect has been arrested or publicly identified.

Investigators have received numerous purported ransom communications during the investigation, with some dismissed as attempted scams while others have received considerably more serious scrutiny.

“Some have been deemed to be extortion attempts without legitimacy. Other ransom demands may potentially be legitimate and are still being investigated as such,” the FBI said previously.

Two messages sent during the first week after Guthrie disappeared have been treated as potentially significant. Authorities released their full text in July in hopes that someone might recognize the language, phrasing or writing style of the sender.

The first arrived Feb. 2, one day after Guthrie was reported missing, and claimed she was alive and frightened. It demanded $4 million in Bitcoin for her return, with the price increasing to $6 million if the initial deadline passed without payment. The sender threatened to kill Guthrie if the second deadline was missed.

That communication immediately attracted investigators’ attention because it contained information about the crime scene that had not been widely known. It referenced a white smartwatch lying near the foot of Guthrie’s bed and a damaged white floodlight in her backyard.

Investigators later determined that a second communication, received Feb. 6, came from the same IP address as the first, according to law-enforcement sources.

That message delivered a dramatically different claim, saying Guthrie had died shortly after being abducted because those responsible had underestimated the seriousness of her medical condition. The writer claimed she had been buried somewhere in nature and expressed remorse over what had happened. Authorities have never confirmed that account, and Guthrie’s condition and whereabouts remain unknown.

The emergence of ransom demands has also produced deliberate hoaxes.

Earlier this month, California resident Derrick Callella was sentenced after admitting that he sent Guthrie’s family a fraudulent ransom demand. Callella had pleaded guilty in federal court to transmitting a ransom demand in interstate commerce and using a telecommunications device with intent to abuse, threaten or harass.

The continuing flood of genuine tips, questionable claims and outright extortion attempts has complicated an investigation that has already stretched for nearly eight months.

Investigators do possess surveillance evidence from Guthrie’s home. Video released by authorities shows a masked individual apparently tampering with a camera at the residence and obstructing it with a plant around the time of her disappearance.

Despite the surveillance footage, the ransom communications and an extensive investigation involving both local authorities and the FBI, no arrests have been made and investigators have not publicly said whether they believe Guthrie remains alive.

Guthrie’s family has continued making public appeals for information while offering $1 million for information leading to her recovery. The FBI is separately offering a reward of up to $100,000, bringing the potential reward connected to the case to more than $1 million.

Savannah Guthrie has continued speaking publicly about her mother while acknowledging the possibility that the family may ultimately receive devastating news.

“We just want our mom home [to] give her a proper goodbye.”

For now, authorities say the newest ransom claim has been eliminated as a credible lead, while the larger mystery of what happened inside Nancy Guthrie’s Tucson-area home on Feb. 1 remains unsolved.

The State Department has abruptly postponed a memorial ceremony honoring the American victims of the Oct. 7 Hamas massacre that had been scheduled for Wednesday, Sept. 30, leaving families without a new date just days before the third anniversary of the attack on the Jewish calendar.

The department never publicly announced the ceremony, but multiple sources familiar with the arrangements had confirmed that the event was set to take place in Washington. Planning had reached senior levels of the State Department, including the office of Secretary of State Marco Rubio, with the American Jewish Committee working alongside officials on arrangements for victims’ families traveling to Washington.

The decision to postpone the ceremony appears to have been made Tuesday morning. No explanation was immediately provided, and as of Tuesday evening, no replacement date had been announced.

The memorial had been intended to focus specifically on the Americans murdered during the Hamas-led invasion of southern Israel on Oct. 7, 2023, as well as Americans subsequently killed while being held hostage in Gaza. At least 46 American citizens were among those murdered in the attack or killed in captivity.

The planned event would have represented a significant formal acknowledgment by the U.S. government of the American toll from Oct. 7, nearly three years after Hamas terrorists stormed southern Israel, murdering approximately 1,200 people and abducting 251 others into Gaza.

The effort to establish a dedicated American memorial was driven in significant part by Ruby Chen, the father of Itay Chen, a 19-year-old Israeli-American IDF soldier who was killed fighting Hamas terrorists on Oct. 7.

Itay Chen, who was born in the United States and raised in Israel, was serving in a tank unit near the Gaza border when Hamas terrorists overran the area. He was killed while defending Kibbutz Nahal Oz, and his body was dragged into Gaza.

For months after the attack, Itay was believed to be alive and was counted among the hostages. The IDF announced in March 2024 that intelligence had established that he was killed on Oct. 7. His remains were ultimately returned to Israel in November 2025, more than two years after the massacre.

Ruby Chen spent those years traveling repeatedly to Washington and elsewhere to press American officials to secure his son’s return. Since Itay was brought home for kevurah, Chen has continued lobbying for greater recognition of the American victims and for an examination of how the Oct. 7 attack was allowed to occur.

“The majority of the families are dealing with the rehabilitation aspect,” Ruby Chen told JNS at a recent Republican Jewish Coalition gathering in Las Vegas. “I have created very unique relationships with a number of the people inside of the administration, and we still have an open dialogue.”

Chen said that one product of those discussions was the effort to establish a formal memorial for the American victims, an idea he said had reached senior administration officials.

“It’s not a question of if it’s going to happen,” he told JNS. “It’s more a matter of the logistics of when and how it happens that makes the most sense.”

The Sept. 30 date had been selected to fall three days before the third anniversary of the massacre on the Jewish calendar.

The American Jewish Committee had confirmed its involvement in preparing for the ceremony and assisting families expected to travel to Washington for the commemoration. The organization was also working on additional programming surrounding the families’ visit.

Relatives had expected that their time in Washington could include more than the memorial itself.

Ronen Neutra, whose son Capt. Omer Neutra, an Israeli-American tank commander, was killed during the Hamas invasion, said families could use the Washington visit to meet with federal agencies involved in efforts to hold those responsible for the massacre accountable.

Among the agencies mentioned were the FBI and Treasury Department, whose authorities can play roles in investigating terrorism, tracking terrorist financing and imposing financial sanctions.

The Neutra family, like the Chens, spent an extended period believing their son was being held alive in Gaza. The IDF announced in December 2024 that Omer Neutra had actually been killed during the Oct. 7 attack and that Hamas was holding his body.

The families’ efforts have increasingly shifted from the hostage campaign that dominated the first years after Oct. 7 toward questions of remembrance, accountability and justice for the Americans murdered by Hamas.

Chen has also called for Congress to conduct an investigation into the Oct. 7 attack, arguing that the deaths of dozens of American citizens warrant an American governmental inquiry.

He has said there has been a generally positive response on Capitol Hill to the possibility of such an investigation and suggested that political developments in Israel could create an opportunity for the effort to move ahead.

Chen said the post-election period in Israel “maybe would be an inflection point that would create an opportunity to advance very quickly.”

The postponement comes after the State Department had previously declined to publicly confirm the memorial even while preparations were underway. When reports of the planned ceremony first emerged last week, the department said it had nothing to announce.

The ceremony would have been the first dedicated, in-person State Department memorial focused specifically on the American citizens murdered in the Oct. 7 attack and its aftermath.

Transportation Security Administration officers assigned to check passengers’ identification and boarding passes at airport security checkpoints will no longer be permitted to sit while performing that job, under a new nationwide TSA policy that has already triggered a sharp backlash from the union representing the agency’s workforce.

The change applies specifically to officers working at Travel Document Checker positions — the podiums passengers encounter at the entrance to TSA screening lanes, where identification and travel documents are verified. Chairs are being removed from those stations at airports across the country, TSA confirmed Tuesday.

The rule does not appear to mean that every TSA officer must remain standing throughout an entire shift. Officers rotate through different checkpoint assignments, and chairs reportedly remain at certain other positions, including some X-ray and exit-lane stations. The new directive specifically eliminates seating for officers while they are assigned to the document-checking position.

TSA defended the change as both a security and customer-service measure, arguing that officers who are standing will be better positioned to remain attentive and interact professionally with travelers.

“This welcome change reinforces both our security posture and our commitment to hospitality by having these officers on their feet and alert,” TSA said. “All officers must meet fitness for duty requirements to be capable of performing their vital national security function while simultaneously creating a welcoming and professional environment for travelers.”

The American Federation of Government Employees TSA Council 100, which represents TSA officers, reacted angrily, describing the decision as a “disregard for workers’ rights and safety.”

“These chairs serve as basic ergonomic and safety support for officers that stand and walk on hard surfaces all day,” the union said. “TSA is treating this matter like it is a privilege – it is not; it is basic safety and common decency for the workforce.”

According to union officials, employees began learning about the new requirement Friday afternoon, and the removal of chairs has already started at most commercial airports. One union leader said AFGE and its local chapters did not receive formal advance notification about the change.

Reports from TSA employees began circulating before the agency publicly confirmed the policy. Officers at airports in different parts of the country described being told that chairs at the document-checking stations were being eliminated nationwide, while seating at other checkpoint assignments remained available.

The union’s objections center in part on the physical demands already placed on Transportation Security Officers. TSA employees typically rotate among assignments during their shifts and can spend substantial amounts of time standing and walking on hard airport flooring.

The TSA collective bargaining agreement contains provisions dealing with workplace ergonomics. It calls for the agency to provide ergonomic equipment “as appropriate” and also requires anti-fatigue mats at workstations where bargaining-unit employees stand in one location for extended periods. It is not yet clear whether the union will formally challenge the chair-removal policy under those provisions.

Another unresolved issue involves TSA officers who have medical conditions or disabilities that make prolonged standing difficult. Existing federal reasonable-accommodation requirements have not disappeared as a result of the new policy, and the publicly reported directive does not establish that employees with approved medical accommodations are categorically prohibited from receiving seating or another accommodation. The broad new rule concerns ordinary staffing of the document-checker position, rather than eliminating federal disability protections.

The change comes less than two months after David Cummins was confirmed by the Senate to lead TSA. Cummins has begun an agency-wide initiative known as “Horizon 25,” aimed at rapidly changing several aspects of airport security operations as TSA approaches the 25th anniversary of its creation.

“TSA does not have to choose between a secure checkpoint, an efficient checkpoint, and an elevated passenger experience,” Cummins said in announcing the broader initiative.

Horizon 25 includes efforts to expand TSA PreCheck, deploy new screening technology, increase the role of private screening operations and improve passengers’ experience at airport checkpoints. TSA has not publicly established that the decision to remove chairs from document-checking stations is formally part of Horizon 25.

The seating controversy is unfolding as the Trump administration pursues much broader changes at TSA. President Trump proposed in April eliminating more than 9,400 positions and cutting slightly more than $1.5 billion — approximately 20% — from the agency’s annual budget.

The administration has also proposed moving additional smaller airports toward privately employed security screeners rather than federal TSA personnel. Such a change could eliminate more than 4,500 TSA positions as an initial step toward substantially expanding privatization of airport screening.

Private airport screening is not entirely new. Roughly 20 airports already participate in arrangements using private screening personnel, including airports serving San Francisco, Kansas City and Sarasota, Florida.

Cummins himself came to TSA after serving as a senior vice president at Serco, the British-headquartered government-services contractor. The Senate confirmed him in August after the TSA administrator position had remained without a Senate-confirmed permanent leader for approximately 16 months following Trump’s removal of David Pekoske on his first day back in office in January 2025.

TSA employees have also recently endured an unusually difficult period. A six-week government shutdown this spring left roughly 50,000 TSA employees working without pay and contributed to severe airport disruptions, with security waits at some locations stretching to four hours or longer.

The latest change will be far more visible to passengers: At the front of TSA checkpoints across the country, the officers who examine IDs and boarding passes will now ordinarily be doing so on their feet rather than from chairs.

The Trump administration is considering a major change to the federal income-tax return that would require millions of taxpayers to disclose whether they are U.S. citizens, nationals or legally authorized to work in the country, while a separate Treasury Department proposal could limit refundable tax credits for certain immigrants who are legally present in the United States.

The potential changes are emerging in draft IRS documents for the 2027 filing season, when Americans will submit returns covering their 2026 income. Because the forms remain in draft form, the citizenship question could still be revised or removed before final versions are issued.

A draft Form 1040 released by the IRS this month adds a question that does not appear on the current return. Taxpayers would be required to select “Yes” or “No” in response to: “At the time you file your return, are you, and your spouse if filing jointly, a U.S. citizen, U.S. national, or an alien lawfully authorized to work in the U.S.?”

The question would appear near the beginning of the return alongside basic identifying information, meaning taxpayers would encounter it before reaching the sections dealing with income, deductions and taxes.

The administration says collecting the information would help the IRS determine whether taxpayers receiving federal tax benefits satisfy applicable eligibility requirements.

Critics, however, question why the IRS needs taxpayers to separately attest to their immigration or citizenship status when eligibility for several major tax benefits is already linked to Social Security numbers that are valid for employment.

“The IRS doesn’t need this information to administer the tax law,” said Nina Olson, a former IRS official who leads the Center for Taxpayer Rights. “The only reason you have that attestation is to deter people.”

The proposed change has also revived a broader controversy over the relationship between the IRS and federal immigration authorities and whether information supplied to the tax agency could eventually be used for immigration enforcement.

The issue became particularly sensitive after the IRS entered into an information-sharing arrangement with the Department of Homeland Security that allowed Immigration and Customs Enforcement to seek taxpayer address information in certain criminal immigration investigations.

Last year, the IRS provided ICE with addresses it had on file for approximately 47,000 individuals.

Taxpayer information is normally subject to stringent confidentiality protections under federal law. Section 6103 of the Internal Revenue Code generally prohibits the IRS from disclosing tax-return information except under specifically authorized circumstances.

Federal courts have also intervened in disputes over attempts to share taxpayer information on a large scale with immigration authorities, adding to concerns among immigrant advocates that the proposed Form 1040 question could discourage some people from filing tax returns even if the information could not legally be used to locate them for deportation.

The question could be particularly consequential because people living in the United States illegally are still generally required to pay taxes on income earned in the country.

Many people who are not eligible for Social Security numbers file tax returns using Individual Taxpayer Identification Numbers, known as ITINs. The IRS created the ITIN system specifically to allow people with federal tax obligations to file returns regardless of whether they qualify for Social Security numbers.

Undocumented immigrants collectively pay billions of dollars each year in federal income and payroll taxes as well as state and local taxes. Historically, the IRS has generally encouraged taxpayers to comply with federal tax obligations without routinely requiring them to disclose their immigration status on the basic Form 1040.

The new Form 1040 question is only one part of a broader administration effort involving immigration status and the federal tax system.

The Treasury Department and IRS are separately advancing proposed regulations that would change how the refundable portions of four federal tax credits are treated: the earned-income tax credit, child tax credit, adoption tax credit and American Opportunity tax credit, which helps offset higher-education expenses.

Tax credits reduce a taxpayer’s liability dollar-for-dollar. Refundable credits can go further by generating a payment to a taxpayer even after his tax liability has been reduced to zero.

For example, a taxpayer entitled to a $1,000 refundable credit who owes $200 in federal taxes could use $200 of the credit to erase the tax bill and receive the remaining $800 as a refund.

Under the Treasury proposal, the refundable portion of those credits would for the first time be treated as a “federal public benefit” under the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996.

That change is significant because the 1996 welfare-reform law establishes immigration-status requirements for people receiving federal public benefits. Treasury’s proposal would therefore layer those restrictions onto tax credits whose eligibility requirements were established separately by Congress in the tax code.

Three of the four credits already contain significant Social Security number requirements under existing tax law.

But the proposed rule could exclude some immigrants who are legally present in the United States, have federal authorization to work and possess valid Social Security numbers because the 1996 statute uses the narrower legal category of “qualified alien.”

Green-card holders generally fall within that category, as do certain refugees, people granted asylum and some other specifically protected groups.

Other people who may legally remain and work in the United States do not necessarily qualify. They can include certain recipients of Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals, or DACA, individuals present under student or employment visas and some people granted Temporary Protected Status.

“This isn’t about undocumented immigrants, no matter how much they advertise it as such,” said Margot Crandall-Hollick, a researcher at the Tax Policy Center. “This is about going after people who are allowed to be here and allowed to work here.”

The proposed Form 1040 question and Treasury’s tax-credit rule also use different standards, underscoring that they are separate initiatives.

The proposed 1040 language asks whether taxpayers are citizens, U.S. nationals or aliens legally authorized to work in the country. It does not ask whether they meet the 1996 law’s narrower definition of a “qualified alien.”

The IRS has therefore also drafted a separate form dealing more specifically with immigration eligibility for federal tax benefits. That document would require affected taxpayers to provide information establishing whether they fall into the appropriate immigration category.

Treasury says the broader effort is intended to ensure that federal tax benefits are distributed only to people legally eligible to receive them.

A Treasury representative said the new question would give the IRS “important and necessary information” for determining eligibility, while declining to provide additional details about why the basic Form 1040 needs the citizenship and work-authorization question.

The proposals are not yet final. Draft IRS forms routinely undergo revisions before being approved for use, while the Treasury tax-credit regulations must proceed through the federal rulemaking process before taking effect.

If finalized in their current form, however, the changes would mark a significant shift in the relationship between the federal tax system and immigration status, placing a direct citizenship and work-authorization question on America’s principal individual income-tax return while separately using immigration classifications to determine access to the refundable portions of major federal tax credits.

President Trump predicted Tuesday that Iran will ultimately “give up” in its war with the United States, arguing that Tehran is being battered militarily and economically while reiterating that Washington’s overriding objective remains preventing the Islamic Republic from obtaining a nuclear weapon.

Speaking to reporters at the White House, Trump stopped short of saying an Iranian capitulation was imminent but portrayed Tehran as increasingly weakened by the conflict.

“They’re doing very poorly. I don’t know if they’re going to give up yet, but they will give up,” said Trump.

His comments came as indirect diplomacy between Washington and Tehran continues despite Trump’s rejection over the weekend of an Iranian proposal to reopen the Strait of Hormuz. Qatar and other regional mediators have remained engaged with both governments, and U.S. and Iranian officials have indicated that discussions have become more serious even as major disagreements remain over sanctions, the American naval blockade and Iran’s nuclear program.

Trump also pointed to the increased movement of oil through the Strait of Hormuz, the strategic waterway that has become one of the central fronts of the conflict.

“We took more oil out of the Hormuz Strait over the last couple of days than at any point in history, including long before we had the war to stop the nuclear weapon. And this is to stop the nuclear weapon,” he added.

U.S. officials say dozens of tankers have recently been moving through the strait under American military protection. U.S. Central Command chief Adm. Brad Cooper said over the weekend that American forces had assisted approximately 2,000 transits carrying more than 1 billion barrels of oil in recent months. Middle Eastern crude exports climbed to roughly 12.8 million barrels per day in September, according to shipping data cited by Reuters, a substantial recovery from earlier in the conflict but still below the approximately 18.8 million barrels per day recorded in February.

The Strait of Hormuz carried roughly one-fifth of global oil and gas supplies before the war, making its disruption one of the conflict’s most consequential effects on the global economy. Iran effectively closed the waterway after the United States and Israel launched their offensive on Feb. 28, and subsequent attacks on commercial shipping have sharply reduced normal traffic through the area.

Iran’s economy, meanwhile, is showing increasing signs of strain. The Iranian rial plunged Tuesday to a record low of more than 2.5 million to the U.S. dollar as the war, sanctions and American blockade continue to weigh on the country.

Trump was also pressed Tuesday on why Washington insists Iran cannot possess nuclear weapons when North Korea already maintains a sizable nuclear arsenal. He responded by pointing to his relationship with North Korean leader Kim Jong Un and arguing that previous American administrations had failed to stop Pyongyang’s nuclear development.

“Because you had a different president. Kim Jong Un,” replied Trump, referring to the North Korean leader and adding, “He’s a friend of mine. He likes Trump. I’m about the only person in the world that he likes. And I like him. I get a lot of heat when I say that. He does have a pretty large nuclear capacity. That could have been stopped, but they had presidents that weren’t Trump. As long as I’m around, he’s going to be fine. You know why? Because he respects me.”

Trump’s latest comments followed similarly confident remarks Monday, when he predicted that the conflict with Iran could end quickly and said the United States would emerge victorious.

Speaking from the Oval Office, Trump said, “We’re going to win, as far as I’m concerned, it’s going to ‌be ⁠one way or the other,” adding, “It’s going ⁠to go pretty quickly.”

He also predicted that gasoline prices, which have been affected by disruptions to Middle Eastern energy supplies, would “come tumbling down” following an American victory.

Trump has repeatedly said that the purpose of the military campaign is to ensure that Tehran never obtains a nuclear weapon. On Monday, he defended that position by warning about the potential consequences if Iran were permitted to develop one.

“If you want to see turmoil, let them take out a city with a nuclear weapon. I’m not only talking about Israel and big parts of the Middle East. Let them hit us with a nuclear weapon, for all those stupid people that think it’s okay,” said Trump.

The president also used unusually blunt language in describing Iran’s leadership.

“They are crazy. There’s no question about it. They are very crazy people. I tell them all the time. I say, ‘You are crazy, man.’ But they cannot have a nuclear weapon.”

Even as Trump publicly talks about defeating Iran, diplomatic efforts have continued behind the scenes.

During last week’s United Nations General Assembly gathering in New York, U.S. envoys Steve Witkoff and Jared Kushner participated in indirect discussions with Iranian Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi. Qatari officials served as intermediaries, carrying messages between the two sides. Trump said the discussions lasted approximately three hours.

Iran used those contacts to present its conditions for reopening the Strait of Hormuz and resuming formal nuclear negotiations.

Under Tehran’s proposal, Iran would reopen the strait and restart nuclear negotiations within approximately one week if Washington lifted its naval blockade, eased restrictions on Iranian oil exports and restored a regional ceasefire. Iran has also sought access to frozen assets.

Trump rejected the proposal Saturday.

“They have made a proposal and I rejected it,” Trump said.

The rejection did not end the diplomatic channel. A U.S. official subsequently described the indirect discussions as “positive and constructive,” while making clear that Washington will not agree to a settlement that leaves the nuclear issue unresolved. Iranian officials have indicated some flexibility on nuclear questions, but the two sides remain divided over which concessions would occur first.

Araghchi confirmed that Qatari intermediaries were continuing to carry proposals between Tehran and Washington.

“We talked about ideas and how to find solutions to fulfil Iran’s conditions and how to implement those conditions,” he said. “They had some ideas, and we had a discussion that they will also present to the American side.”

The U.S. Senate on Tuesday rejected a resolution that would have required the Trump administration to produce a detailed report on allegations of violence by Israeli civilians and security forces in Yehudah and Shomron, including incidents in which nine American citizens have been killed since 2022.

The measure, S. Res. 852, failed to advance in a 47-51 procedural vote, effectively ending an effort led by Sen. Chris Van Hollen of Maryland and more than 20 other senators to compel the State Department to provide Congress with information about Israeli human-rights practices and investigations into the deaths of American citizens.

The vote largely followed party lines. Sen. John Fetterman of Pennsylvania was the lone Democrat to vote against advancing the resolution, while Sen. Rand Paul of Kentucky was the only Republican to vote in favor.

Van Hollen introduced the resolution alongside Sens. Tim Kaine, Bernie Sanders, Ed Markey, Jeff Merkley, Peter Welch, Martin Heinrich, Elizabeth Warren, Mazie Hirono, Tina Smith, Ben Ray Luján, Richard Blumenthal, Ron Wyden, Brian Schatz, Chris Murphy, Chris Coons, Dick Durbin, Lisa Blunt Rochester, Jeanne Shaheen, Patty Murray, Jack Reed and Sheldon Whitehouse. Additional support was subsequently announced by Sen. Tammy Duckworth.

The resolution invoked Section 502B(c) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, an unusual congressional mechanism allowing lawmakers to demand information about the human-rights record of a country receiving U.S. security assistance.

Had the measure passed, the State Department would have been required to submit a report within 30 days addressing a broad series of questions involving Israel’s conduct in Yehudah and Shomron. Failure by the administration to provide the report could have triggered restrictions on certain categories of U.S. security assistance to Israel.

The resolution sought information concerning nine U.S. citizens whom its sponsors say were killed by Israeli security personnel or Israeli civilians in Yehudah and Shomron since January 2022: Omar Assad, Shireen Abu Akleh, Tawfic Abdel Jabbar, Mohammad Khdour, Aysenur Ezgi Eygi, Amer Rabee, Sayfollah Kamel Musallet, Khamis Ayyad and Nasrallah Abu Siyam. Those descriptions reflect allegations and findings cited by the resolution’s sponsors; circumstances surrounding individual cases have been disputed in some instances.

The resolution also sought information about an August incident involving 82-year-old Palestinian-American Khamis Rabee Jabara, who the measure says was hospitalized after Israeli soldiers used a flashbang grenade against him in Turmus Ayya.

Beyond the cases involving Americans, the proposal would have required the State Department to assess broader human-rights conditions in Yehudah and Shomron, including Israel’s detention of Palestinian minors and allegations of violence involving Israeli residents of the area.

One of the cases prominently cited by Van Hollen involved Sayfollah Kamel Musallet, a 20-year-old American from Florida who was killed near Sinjil in July 2025. His family said he was beaten during a confrontation involving Israeli settlers and alleged that access by emergency medical personnel was delayed. U.S. Ambassador to Israel Mike Huckabee subsequently called Musallet’s killing a “criminal and terrorist act” and said “there must be accountability.”

Another case cited in the resolution was that of Aysenur Ezgi Eygi, a 26-year-old American-Turkish activist who was fatally shot during a protest in September 2024. The IDF said at the time that an initial investigation found it highly likely she had been unintentionally struck by Israeli fire aimed at another person whom soldiers identified as an instigator of violent activity.

The measure also cited Palestinian-American journalist Shireen Abu Akleh, who was fatally shot while covering an Israeli military operation in Jenin in 2022. An IDF investigation later concluded there was a “high possibility” she was unintentionally struck by Israeli gunfire during an exchange of fire, while saying it was not possible to conclusively determine the source of the shot.

Van Hollen argued on the Senate floor that regardless of disagreements surrounding individual incidents, the deaths of American citizens warranted a formal accounting from the State Department.

“If the killing of nine Americans does not justify a report from our own state department, I would ask my colleagues: what would?” Van Hollen said. “How many more Americans must be killed before the executive branch does its job? These families deserve answers.”

Following the resolution’s defeat, Van Hollen said he would continue pressing the administration for information.

“While I was pleased that so many of my Democratic colleagues joined this effort, it’s clear the United States must do more,” Van Hollen said. “It is our responsibility to ensure recipients of US taxpayer dollars act in line with our laws and our values – this resolution was an opportunity to shed light on a reality that flies in the face of that principle.”

Supporters emphasized that the resolution itself would not have cut off American assistance to Israel upon passage. Its immediate requirement was production of the State Department report. Congress could then have considered further action based on the findings. However, the Foreign Assistance Act mechanism contains consequences if an administration fails to provide a required report, potentially affecting covered security assistance.

The resolution’s sponsors also cited what they described as a broader increase in violence in Yehudah and Shomron. The United Nations reported this month that it had documented more than 1,430 incidents involving Israeli settlers resulting in Palestinian casualties, property damage or both during 2026 through early August. The U.N. also reported 76 Palestinians killed by Israeli forces or settlers in Yehudah and Shomron through Aug. 10, while three Israelis — one civilian and two members of the security forces — had been killed in confrontations or an alleged Palestinian ramming attack during the same period. Those figures are U.N. assessments and do not by themselves establish responsibility in individual incidents.

The resolution did not address Palestinian terrorism in comparable detail, focusing instead on Israel because Section 502B is designed to examine the human-rights practices of governments receiving American security assistance. Its sponsors framed the measure as an accountability and oversight initiative rather than a resolution determining guilt in the individual cases.

Tuesday’s vote also underscored divisions in Congress over U.S. policy toward Israel. While nearly the entire Republican conference opposed the measure, most Senate Democrats supported moving it forward. The 47-51 result nevertheless left the resolution short of the votes required to proceed.

The defeat means the Trump administration will not be legally compelled under S. Res. 852 to produce the requested 30-day report, although senators remain free to seek the same information through hearings, letters, appropriations provisions and other congressional oversight mechanisms.

President Trump emerged from a high-powered White House gathering with Elon Musk, Nvidia CEO Jensen Huang, House Speaker Mike Johnson and some of the biggest names in American technology Tuesday to announce a new industry-wide agreement aimed at keeping the United States dominant in artificial intelligence — or, as Trump now wants the federal government to call it, “Super Intelligence.”

The agreement is real and was signed Tuesday by leading technology executives, according to multiple reports. But it is not a legally binding government regulation or a new federal law. Rather, the White House is describing it as a voluntary industry compact under which the country’s leading AI companies commit to policing the development of increasingly powerful systems through internal safeguards, risk assessments and independent outside reviews.

Trump described the agreement as essentially a “morally binding” constitution governing the industry’s conduct as the technology advances at extraordinary speed. The document itself also leaves open the possibility that some of its principles could eventually be formally codified.

The accord followed what Trump described as a highly productive White House lunch with Johnson and more than a dozen of the country’s leading technology executives. Participants included Musk, Huang, Meta CEO Mark Zuckerberg, Anthropic CEO Dario Amodei, Amazon founder Jeff Bezos and executives representing OpenAI and Google.

Trump praised the executives following the gathering, saying they “LOVE our country” and presenting the agreement as an unusual moment of cooperation among companies that ordinarily compete fiercely against one another.

Among the companies signing the voluntary accord were Google, Meta, Nvidia, Anthropic, Musk’s xAI and OpenAI, whose president, Greg Brockman, signed on behalf of the company.

The agreement declares that companies developing advanced AI systems bear responsibility for making sure their products are built safely and retain public confidence.

“In order to build a positive future for the American people and the world, we believe every company is responsible for developing its own technology safely and in a way that builds trust with customers and the public,” the agreement states.

Under the compact, participating companies agreed to establish internal controls intended to prevent advanced AI systems from behaving in dangerous or unintended ways. They also committed to conducting risk assessments, submitting their safeguards to independent external auditors and establishing internal board-level structures to review the findings of those audits.

The arrangement represents an important element of Trump’s broader AI policy: rather than imposing a sweeping federal regulatory structure on the rapidly developing industry, the administration is seeking to preserve aggressive American innovation while relying heavily on technology companies to police themselves.

“I’m seeing tremendous self-policing,” Trump said after the meeting.

Johnson said the agreement would establish “robust internal controls and layers of internal and external review,” while making clear that Washington would continue watching how the technology develops.

“Congress is going to keep steady hands at the wheel on this. We’ll continue to assess and further deliberate in the days ahead,” Johnson said.

Huang rejected the premise that technological development and safety necessarily have to come at the expense of one another.

“There’s no conflict between innovation, technology and safety,” Huang said. “We are going to have to create new technologies to advance the capabilities of AI, but we’re also creating new technologies to advance the safety of it.”

Amodei, whose company Anthropic has been among the most vocal major AI developers warning about the potential dangers posed by increasingly capable systems, also endorsed the agreement.

“This is a start,” Amodei said.

Trump’s approach nevertheless stops well short of the government-imposed safeguards sought by some AI researchers, lawmakers and technology executives. The president has repeatedly resisted efforts to substantially slow AI development, arguing that doing so could surrender America’s technological advantage to China.

“We do not surrender to fears about what technologies will do to us,” Trump said Tuesday. “We decide that those technologies will do for us some very, very incredible things.”

The president made the competition with Beijing a central theme of his remarks, portraying control of the next generation of AI as potentially decisive in determining global technological leadership.

“Whoever wins super intelligence wins. You know, it’s an expression. Whoever wins super intelligence wins. You’re going to have a winner and a loser, and you’re probably not going to have a second place. You’re going to have a winner or you’re going to have a loser. We’re leading now over China and everyone else, and I want to keep it that way,” Trump said.

Trump also said he is moving ahead with his unusual effort to replace the term “artificial intelligence” in federal government usage with “Super Intelligence,” abbreviated “SI.”

“This kind of innovation in government is just a preview of what is possible with super intelligence or SI, and that’s the official name in the United States. I’ll be signing a very powerful executive order,” Trump said.

“This isn’t — this is extreme intelligence. It’s superior intelligence. It’s, uh, supreme also intelligence, but the word super is the best word of all and it’s the simplest. And so we’re going to be naming it SI, super intelligence, but we don’t want to hear artificial because it’s not artificial. It’s very powerful,” he said.

The terminology is not entirely new. Trump announced at the United Nations last week that federal documents would begin referring to AI as “Super Intelligence,” arguing that the word “artificial” inaccurately suggested that the technology was somehow fake. The United States and China also recently established a U.S.-China Super Intelligence Dialogue and a communication channel intended to address major AI-related incidents.

Tuesday’s White House meeting therefore did not create “SI” itself, as some early social-media accounts suggested. The term is Trump’s administration-wide rebranding of artificial intelligence, while the agreement signed by technology executives is a separate voluntary safety accord.

The president also suggested that a roughly 10-member committee could be created to oversee developments in advanced AI, potentially drawing some of its members from the technology leaders who attended Tuesday’s gathering. Trump said he was also close to choosing a new administration official to coordinate federal AI policy.

Tuesday’s announcements extended beyond the industry agreement. Earlier in the day, Trump unveiled America.gov, a new AI-powered government portal intended eventually to serve as a single digital gateway for Americans seeking federal services and information.

The new platform is being developed with technology from Google’s Gemini and Musk’s Grok and is intended to function as what U.S. Chief Design Officer Joe Gebbia called a “concierge to navigate government.”

At launch, the system can search information contained across government websites. The administration says future versions are intended to help Americans complete tasks involving federal programs and services, potentially including Medicare enrollment and passport renewals.

The White House gathering comes amid an increasingly intense national debate over AI safety. Leading developers have acknowledged that their newest systems are rapidly becoming more capable, while researchers and executives have publicly disagreed over whether government intervention is necessary to prevent catastrophic misuse or loss of control.

Trump, however, made clear Tuesday that he intends to pursue American dominance without imposing restrictions that he believes could cripple innovation.

“This is one more example of why I will never stifle the growth of technology that will be bigger than the Industrial Revolution,” Trump said.

For the moment, the centerpiece of that approach is the new voluntary compact: America’s most powerful AI companies pledging to install safeguards and subject themselves to internal and outside scrutiny, while the Trump administration largely leaves development in the industry’s hands.

California will outlaw the sale of disposable nicotine vapes beginning in 2028 under a new law signed by Gov. Gavin Newsom — while explicitly exempting cannabis vaping products from the ban.

Assembly Bill 762 prohibits retailers and distributors from selling or distributing single-use nicotine vaping devices in California beginning Jan. 1, 2028. The state will begin phasing out the products even earlier, with manufacturing and importing covered disposable vapes prohibited starting in 2027.

The legislation specifically targets electronic cigarettes and vaping products that combine a permanently embedded battery with a nicotine- or tobacco-containing cartridge designed to be discarded when the liquid or battery runs out.

Vaping products will still be permitted under the new rules if they meet requirements intended to make them reusable. Legal devices will generally need rechargeable batteries and either refillable reservoirs or replaceable cartridges or pods rather than being thrown away after a single cycle of use.

Cannabis vaping products, however, are specifically excluded from the prohibition, meaning disposable marijuana vapes sold through California’s regulated cannabis market will not be affected by the nicotine-device ban.

Supporters of AB 762 have framed the legislation largely as an environmental measure rather than simply another restriction on tobacco and nicotine products.

Disposable vapes typically contain lithium-ion batteries, plastics, electronic components and residual nicotine liquid. Because the batteries generally cannot be easily removed, the devices are difficult to recycle and are frequently discarded with ordinary household garbage.

Environmental and public-health groups have warned that discarded vaping devices can leak nicotine and toxic metals into the environment. Lithium batteries tossed into garbage and recycling streams can also be punctured or crushed, potentially triggering fires at waste facilities, garbage trucks and recycling plants.

Advocacy organizations have estimated that hundreds of thousands of disposable vaping devices are discarded across the United States every day, creating a growing stream of electronic and hazardous waste.

The legislation gives California businesses an extended period to transition away from disposable products. Retailers will be permitted to continue selling existing inventory through the end of 2027 before the retail prohibition takes effect on Jan. 1, 2028.

Manufacturers and importers face the earlier cutoff in an effort to prevent additional disposable devices from continuing to enter the California market as the retail deadline approaches.

Businesses that violate the new restrictions will face civil penalties beginning at $500, with fines increasing for subsequent violations.

The disposable-vape measure was among a broader package of environmental and public-health legislation signed by Newsom in late September.

California has already imposed some of the nation’s toughest restrictions on tobacco and nicotine products, including a statewide prohibition on the retail sale of most flavored tobacco products. The new law takes a different approach by targeting the physical design and disposability of vaping devices rather than banning vaping altogether.

The exemption for cannabis products creates a notable distinction: Beginning in 2028, a disposable vaping device containing nicotine will be prohibited from retail sale in California, while a comparable disposable device containing cannabis can continue to be legally sold through the state’s licensed marijuana market.

The U.S. Supreme Court handed the Trump administration a significant victory Tuesday, allowing the government to resume expedited deportations of migrants to countries other than their homelands while the justices prepare to decide whether the administration’s controversial “third-country” removal policy is legal.

The court’s order temporarily blocked a lower-court ruling that required the government to provide migrants with notice and a meaningful opportunity to argue that they could face torture or persecution before being deported to a country with which they may have no connection.

The justices also agreed to hear the case on its merits, with oral arguments scheduled for December. That means Tuesday’s action does not constitute a final ruling that the administration’s policy is lawful; rather, it permits the deportations to continue while the Supreme Court considers the broader constitutional and legal questions.

The court’s three liberal justices — Sonia Sotomayor, Elena Kagan and Ketanji Brown Jackson — indicated that they would have denied the administration’s request and allowed the lower-court restrictions to remain in place.

The court did not provide an explanation for its decision, as is common with emergency orders.

The case, Department of Homeland Security v. D.V.D., centers on the Trump administration’s practice of sending people with final removal orders to so-called third countries when deportation to their country of origin is unavailable or impractical.

Since the policy was expanded after President Trump returned to office, the administration has deported more than 25,000 people to 29 countries under third-country arrangements. The overwhelming majority have been sent to Mexico, but deportees have also been transferred to countries including Liberia, Guyana, South Sudan, Uganda, Equatorial Guinea and the Central African Republic.

Some of those arrangements have been negotiated privately between the United States and foreign governments, with the receiving countries providing assurances that deportees will not be tortured or persecuted.

The administration says the program is particularly important for removing individuals whose home governments refuse to accept them or when other obstacles prevent their repatriation. Officials have also argued that the policy provides a mechanism for deporting individuals with serious criminal records who might otherwise remain in the United States.

The latest Supreme Court intervention came after a three-judge panel of the Boston-based 1st U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals unanimously upheld a ruling by U.S. District Judge Brian Murphy finding that the administration’s procedures violated migrants’ due-process rights.

Murphy did not prohibit third-country deportations altogether. Instead, his ruling required the government to provide migrants with sufficient notice of where they would be sent and an opportunity to raise claims that they could face persecution or torture there.

The administration argued that those requirements would severely hinder its ability to carry out deportations and complicate negotiations with foreign governments willing to accept migrants who are not their citizens.

“The government has been able to remove thousands of aliens to third countries in recent months, and thousands more are eligible for such removal,” Solicitor General D. John Sauer wrote.

Federal attorneys told the Supreme Court that the lower-court restrictions had already forced the cancellation of a flight carrying approximately 70 deportees with criminal convictions who were scheduled to be sent to three different countries.

The administration also argued that requiring individualized proceedings before every third-country removal could leave dangerous individuals inside the United States when their native countries refuse to take them back.

“Meanwhile, the very aliens whose removal is most urgent, including those who have committed serious crimes like murder, attempted murder, rape, child rape, kidnapping, and aggravated assault, will be allowed to remain — and often will be released (given practical and legal constraints on detention), to the peril of law-abiding Americans,” the administration told the Supreme Court.

Government lawyers have further maintained that assurances obtained from receiving governments should generally be sufficient to address concerns that deportees could face torture or persecution.

“The decision that a foreign government’s categorial assurance against torture or persecution is sufficient for all aliens is itself a ‘foreign policy’ judgment the Judiciary ‘is not suited’ to question,” the administration’s Supreme Court application said.

Attorneys representing the migrants strongly dispute that position. They contend that blanket diplomatic assurances cannot replace an individual opportunity to explain why a particular person may face imprisonment, persecution, torture or other serious dangers in the proposed destination country.

“Denying a stay does not prevent third-country removals; rather, it simply requires them to do so lawfully,” the Supreme Court filing for the immigrants who challenged the policy said.

Attorneys challenging the administration have also argued that the program extends beyond violent criminals. They say some deportees have no criminal convictions and that others have already been found to face a danger of persecution or torture if returned to their own countries.

Some third-country deportees have reportedly been detained after arriving in countries with which they had no previous connection. Critics of the policy say others have been placed in situations where their only practical option is to return to the homeland from which they originally sought protection.

South Sudan has emerged as one of the most controversial destinations used by the administration. The State Department itself warns Americans against traveling there because of armed conflict, crime and kidnapping.

The legal battle previously reached the Supreme Court after Judge Murphy imposed restrictions on third-country deportations. The justices allowed the administration to proceed with removals while litigation continued, including a closely watched case involving eight men who were ultimately deported to South Sudan.

The dispute took on renewed urgency this month after the 1st Circuit upheld Murphy’s final ruling that the administration’s procedures were unlawful. The administration quickly returned to the Supreme Court, asking the justices to prevent that decision from disrupting its deportation program.

Attorney General Todd Blanche described the administration’s approach as “an entirely lawful and critical tool for immigration enforcement.”

The Supreme Court has now agreed to address not only whether the third-country policy itself is lawful, but also whether the migrants were entitled to bring their challenge and whether the lower federal courts possessed the authority to impose broad restrictions on the administration’s program.

Those questions could produce a ruling with implications extending beyond third-country deportations, particularly as the Trump administration continues its broader effort to sharply increase removals of people living illegally in the United States.

New York City Mayor Zohran Mamdani unveiled a sweeping new strategy Tuesday that he says will combat antisemitism through millions of dollars in security funding, education and hate-crime prevention, but the plan immediately came under sharp criticism from major Jewish organizations, rabbonim and Israeli officials who said it conspicuously avoids confronting anti-Zionism and anti-Israel hostility as major sources of contemporary antisemitism.

The 33-page City Hall strategy, billed by the Mamdani administration as New York City’s first comprehensive municipal plan devoted specifically to combating antisemitism, includes $6.4 million for community-based hate-prevention efforts, another $1 million for security improvements at shuls and other houses of worship, expanded Holocaust and Jewish-history education, and millions more for Jewish cultural projects.

But perhaps the most consequential element of the document is what it does not contain. The plan does not adopt a definition of antisemitism, barely discusses Israel or Zionism, and declines to restore the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance working definition of antisemitism that Mamdani revoked after taking office in January. The IHRA definition includes several examples involving attacks on Israel that can, depending on context, constitute antisemitism.

The UJA-Federation of New York, Jewish Community Relations Council-NY, American Jewish Committee New York and New York Board of Rabbis issued a joint response saying that “any effort to confront antisemitism in New York City must fully address the realities Jewish New Yorkers face today.”

The organizations acknowledged that Mamdani’s strategy contains “a number of positive elements, including some increased security funding for Jewish institutions and expanding proven programs.” But they said it “fails to address a central issue that the mayor himself has perpetuated: rhetoric that demonizes and delegitimizes Israel inevitably leads to the targeting of Jewish New Yorkers.”

“Those who truly seek to address antisemitism must unequivocally reject such rhetoric and help ensure that Jewish New Yorkers are never made to feel suspect, excluded or unsafe in their own city,” the groups said.

The criticism was echoed by Ofir Akunis, Israel’s consul general in New York, who argued that funding security programs cannot substitute for confronting rhetoric directed against Israel.

“Money can’t buy values,” he said.

“Until you recognize that your language against the Jewish state, which you don’t recognize as the homeland of the Jewish people, is the fundamental reason for the rise of antisemitism in New York City, it will continue to increase,” the Israeli envoy told the mayor.

“Truly combating antisemitism requires readopting the IHRA working definition of Antisemitism, which you overturned as the first decision of your administration on day one,” Akunis stated.

“To truly fight antisemitism would be to call for your supporters to stop shouting ‘from the river to the sea’ and ‘globalize the intifada,’ have them condemn the Oct. 7 massacre and instead of supporting Hamas, declare that they are a terror organization,” he added.

Rabbi Ammiel Hirsch, senior rabbi of Manhattan’s Stephen Wise Free Synagogue, said the fundamental problem with the strategy is that it fails to confront what he regards as the connection between the surge in antisemitism and hostility toward Israel. Hirsch also pointed to Mamdani’s own record of accusing Israel of “genocide” and calling for Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu’s arrest.

Hirsch told JNS that “fundamentally, the report is such a disappointment and frankly unworthy of the mayor and administration.”

“Because it omits the central driver of antisemitism which is anti-Israel hostility,” the strategy “of course omits the mayor’s own role in adding to that,” the rabbi said.

The new strategy “will not stop or even slow down the surge of antisemitism in the city as long as the mayor and forces that are opposed to Israel’s existence” speak about Israel as he does, Hirsch told JNS.

Ignoring the connection between anti-Zionism and Jew-hatred “is a big evasion, very disappointing and I think that the mayor knows better,” Hirsch said.

Other Jewish leaders offered similar criticism. Rabbi Rick Jacobs, president of the Union for Reform Judaism, praised portions of the plan while arguing that Mamdani himself needs to change the tenor of his rhetoric regarding Israel.

“For this effort to be effective, Mayor Mamdani must also commit to stopping his harsh anti-Israel rhetoric that makes Jewish New Yorkers vulnerable as there are clearly times when antisemitic attacks are fueled by anti-Zionism,” Jacobs said.

The debate comes against troubling statistics. Mamdani himself acknowledged in the introduction to the strategy that Jews constitute a relatively small percentage of the city’s population while accounting for a vastly disproportionate share of reported hate-crime victims.

“The numbers are indisputable: Jewish New Yorkers make up only 12% of our population, yet they are the victims of roughly half of all reported hate crimes,” Mamdani wrote, in an introduction to the report.

Recent NYPD figures provide additional context: during the first seven months of 2026, reported anti-Jewish hate incidents increased by 8.5%, with Jewish victims accounting for 57% of reported hate crimes during that period.

City Hall’s plan points to $26 million that Mamdani previously allocated to the city’s Office for the Prevention of Hate Crimes. Within that broader expenditure, $6.4 million is being directed to the Partners Against the Hate grant program, which supports community organizations working on hate prevention, education, victim assistance, data collection and efforts against online hatred.

The Jewish Community Relations Council of New York is slated to serve as an anchor organization in that initiative. Individual community groups will be eligible for grants of up to $10,000.

An additional $1 million is earmarked for physical security at nonprofit and religious institutions, including shuls. The program is intended in particular to assist smaller institutions that may struggle to qualify for larger federal security grants. Potential upgrades include reinforced locks, shatter-resistant glass and security equipment.

The strategy also calls for reviving an interagency Security Infrastructure Working Group involving the NYPD, Department of Transportation and other agencies to help shuls and Jewish institutions assess vulnerabilities and improve their security.

Education forms another major component. City Hall intends to expand opportunities for eighth-grade public-school students to visit the Museum of Jewish Heritage and continue incorporating Jewish-American history into the school curriculum.

The administration is also committing $2 million toward completion of the Queens Holocaust Memorial and $2.5 million for the Center for New Jewish Culture in Central Brooklyn. A public campaign on LinkNYC kiosks throughout the five boroughs will highlight Jewish contributions to New York.

The strategy describes Jewish life as central to the city’s history and identity. Phylisa Wisdom, executive director of the Mayor’s Office to Combat Antisemitism, described New York as “Jewish people’s front door to America.”

“My administration has zero tolerance for antisemitism. Not on our subways. Not in our workplaces. Not online. Not anywhere,” Mamdani stated. “As mayor, I will use every power entrusted in me to protect Jewish New Yorkers and ensure that Jewish life flourishes for generations to come.”

The administration developed the plan following a five-borough listening tour in which Wisdom’s office met with Jewish New Yorkers representing different levels of religious observance and political views. Mamdani has also held meetings with rabbonim and Orthodox and chassidishe communal leaders as he has attempted to address deep concerns within parts of the city’s Jewish community about his positions on Israel.

Still, the most contentious question — how the city defines antisemitism and when anti-Zionism crosses into Jew-hatred — remains unresolved.

The strategy discusses three different frameworks used to define antisemitism but adopts none of them. Those include the IHRA working definition, the Nexus Document and the Jerusalem Declaration on Antisemitism. City Hall says it can combat antisemitism without formally selecting one definition.

That represents a sharp break with the policy in effect before Mamdani became mayor. On his first day in office, Mamdani rescinded an executive order adopted under Mayor Eric Adams that embraced the IHRA definition. Among the examples contained in the IHRA framework is denying the Jewish people their right to self-determination, such as claiming that the existence of Israel as a Jewish state is inherently illegitimate.

Mamdani has been an outspoken opponent of Zionism and has repeatedly accused Israel of committing genocide in Gaza. During his campaign for mayor, he said he would seek to have Netanyahu arrested if the Israeli prime minister entered New York pursuant to an International Criminal Court warrant, although his administration subsequently acknowledged that City Hall lacks the legal authority to independently carry out such an arrest.

He also drew intense criticism during the campaign after declining at first to condemn the slogan “globalize the intifada.” Mamdani did not himself use the phrase and later said he would discourage its use. He also skipped the city’s annual Israel Day Parade in June.

Netanyahu directly attacked Mamdani from the podium at the United Nations last week, accusing the mayor of helping create an environment in which Jewish New Yorkers feel threatened. Mamdani rejected Netanyahu’s criticism and continued to defend his characterization of Israel’s conduct in Gaza.

The new City Hall document does refer to the October 7, 2023, Hamas massacre and the war that followed in discussing the environment surrounding the rise in antisemitism, but it does not directly identify anti-Zionism as a cause. The report instead places the current surge within a broader timeline of antisemitic activity that includes the 2017 Charlottesville rally and the 2018 massacre at Pittsburgh’s Tree of Life shul.

The report states that antisemitism should also be confronted alongside other forms of hatred.

“One form of hatred cannot be combated in a vacuum,” the report states. “Antisemitism can, and must, be addressed hand in hand with all other forms of hatred.”

The strategy also notes that neither the NYPD nor FBI automatically regards demonstrations outside houses of worship as antisemitic or hateful. That issue has been particularly contentious following anti-Israel demonstrations outside shuls hosting events connected to Israel.

City Council Speaker Julie Menin previously pushed legislation requiring the NYPD to develop procedures for buffer zones when demonstrations outside houses of worship involve intimidation, harassment or threats. Mamdani had expressed concerns about restricting lawful protests and ultimately allowed the legislation to become law without his signature.

Eric Dinowitz, co-chairman of the City Council’s Jewish Caucus and its bipartisan task force on antisemitism, welcomed several practical portions of Mamdani’s initiative, particularly those dealing with education and security.

Dinowitz praised the report for “its focus on education, prevention, enforcement and ensuring Jewish New Yorkers can live openly and proudly in our city.” But the mayor’s strategy “misses an opportunity to confront the reality of the intersection between anti-Zionism and antisemitism,” the Jewish council member stated.

“Though Zionism is not an endorsement of a particular Israeli government or political agenda, we cannot ignore that attacking or excluding ‘Zionists’ can and has become a convenient way to disguise antisemitism as political disagreement,” Dinowitz stated.

Not all Jewish communal figures shared those objections. Nancy Kaufman, chair of the progressive New York Jewish Agenda, argued that a municipal strategy focused on Jewish life and safety in New York does not need to center Israel.

“This really is singularly focused on Jews in New York and celebrating Jews in New York, so it doesn’t surprise me that Israel isn’t part of it,” she said. “It hits the right tone and hopefully will reassure Jewish New Yorkers, who have questions about the commitment of the mayor to their safety.”

Brad Lander, the Democratic congressional nominee and ex-New York City comptroller, also backed the initiative.

“Mayor Mamdani’s plan to combat antisemitism is a thoughtful, strategic combination of education for tolerance, enforcement of civil rights and investments in safety,” stated Lander.

“It’s no secret that we don’t all agree on many things, from how we pray to how we relate to Israel, but we can all agree and work together on this: Jewish New Yorkers—like all New Yorkers, and in all our diversity—deserve to be and feel safe in our shuls, streets, homes and workplaces, and to feel a valued and integral part of this extraordinary city that has welcomed us, and where we have welcomed so many others,” Lander stated.

Rabbi Mark Goldfeder, CEO and director of the National Jewish Advocacy Center, offered a considerably harsher assessment, arguing that much of the substance of the new initiative resembles measures pursued by the previous administration while eliminating the components dealing directly with Israel.

“Mamdani’s ‘first-ever’ antisemitism strategy is mostly just the Adams plan that he deleted on day one of his administration but with every page that touches Israel torn out.”

“That is the whole review, the rest is commentary,” he said.

The controversy even reached Albany on Tuesday, where Gov. Kathy Hochul declined to offer a substantive assessment of Mamdani’s plan, saying she had not yet reviewed it in detail. New York State maintains its own approach to defining antisemitism, while state lawmakers have separately pushed legislation to formally codify the IHRA definition.

Hours after releasing the strategy, City Hall announced that Mamdani “will celebrate Sukkot with Jewish New Yorkers.” According to the mayor’s office, the event is “available to invited press only.”

A New Jersey man who arrived at a Washington cathedral with more than 100 operable homemade explosive devices, a nine-page list of demands and threats directed at Jews, Catholics, Supreme Court justices and major government sites has been sentenced to nearly six years in federal prison.

Louis Geri, 42, of Vineland, N.J., was sentenced by U.S. District Judge Randolph Moss to 70 months — five years and 10 months — behind bars, followed by three years of supervised release. Federal prosecutors had asked the judge to impose an 87-month sentence.

Geri pleaded guilty in March to Hobbs Act extortion by wrongful use of force, violence or fear and possession of an unregistered destructive device. The charges stemmed from his arrest outside the Cathedral of St. Matthew the Apostle in Washington on Oct. 5, 2025, hours before the annual Red Mass, a high-profile Catholic service traditionally attended by Supreme Court justices, Cabinet members, members of Congress and diplomats.

“Threatening to detonate explosive devices at a house of worship during an important historic religious service, known as the Red Mass, is an attack on our community and on the fundamental right to worship freely,” stated Jeanine Ferris Pirro, U.S. attorney for the District of Columbia.

Geri “chose to terrorize a sacred space, St. Matthew’s Cathedral, and endanger officers and parishioners, thereby preventing Supreme Court justices from attending an annual religious event,” she stated. “Seventy months in federal prison reflects the seriousness of his conduct and our commitment to protecting every community from extremist threats and violence.”

The incident began on the evening of Oct. 4, when Geri rode a motorcycle to the cathedral on Rhode Island Avenue NW and erected a tent directly on its front steps. Inside, according to federal authorities, he assembled an arsenal of more than 100 homemade explosive devices.

The bombs were made with materials that included nitromethane, magnesium, charcoal and thermite. Authorities said Geri had purchased the materials in Arkansas and assembled the devices in Virginia before bringing them into Washington.

Geri also brought with him nine pages of written demands. Those demands included hundreds of thousands of dollars in payments to himself and others, extended accommodations at Washington’s Mayflower Hotel and what he described as an “expatriation flight” to Japan.

Among his more unusual demands, Geri wanted the U.S. Supreme Court to remove Arizona from the United States and formally designate the state a “foreign enemy.”

The documents also contained demands aimed specifically at Catholic and Jewish religious leaders. Police said paperwork found with Geri demonstrated “significant animosity” toward the Roman Catholic Church, Jews and the Supreme Court, as well as U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement.

The timing and location of Geri’s actions prompted particular alarm because the Red Mass was scheduled to take place at the cathedral the following morning. The annual service marks the beginning of the Supreme Court’s term and has historically drawn members of the nation’s highest court and other senior government officials. No Supreme Court justices ultimately attended the 2025 service.

At approximately 5 a.m. on Oct. 5, Metropolitan Police Department officers conducting security patrols before the Mass approached Geri’s tent and told him he would have to leave the area.

Geri refused.

He then threatened to throw one of his explosive devices into the street to prove what it could do and warned officers what would happen if federal authorities refused to negotiate with him.

“several of your people are gonna die from one of these,” he told officers, if federal agents did not accept his demands.

Police established a barricade around the tent as the confrontation continued. At approximately 5:53 a.m., Geri briefly stepped outside, giving officers an opportunity to take him into custody.

Investigators found an explosive device in Geri’s pocket along with a butane lighter. A subsequent search of his tent uncovered more than 100 additional explosive devices.

The FBI later tested the devices and determined that they were genuine, operable improvised explosive devices — rather than inert props or fake bombs.

After his arrest, Geri waived his Miranda rights and referred to his homemade devices as “grenades” and “rockets.” He admitted that he planned to use threats of violence to force government officials to negotiate with him.

Geri also acknowledged that he was prepared to use the explosives against people and property. The potential targets he identified included St. Matthew’s Cathedral itself, the White House, the Washington Monument, the U.S. Capitol and the Supreme Court.

Federal prosecutors said the evidence left little ambiguity about the danger posed by Geri’s actions.

“The defendant’s intent was clear: If his list of demands was not met, innocent people would die and prominent, historic landmarks, such as the Washington Monument, the Supreme Court, and the White House, would be destroyed,” prosecutors wrote.

At sentencing, Judge Moss described the incident as extraordinarily dangerous while also considering Geri’s documented psychiatric history and his need for treatment.

“This was an extremely serious offense,” the judge said. “It may have been carried out in a bizarre manner, but the threat of violence was a serious one.”

Geri’s defense attorney, Elizabeth Mullin, told the court that her client had been diagnosed with bipolar disorder more than two decades earlier and had stopped taking his medication during the months preceding the cathedral incident.

“His conduct was the product of a treatable medical condition spiraling out of control, not malice or an actual intent to harm,” Mullin wrote.

The prosecution and defense had previously agreed that a sentence ranging from five years and 10 months to seven years and three months would be appropriate under Geri’s plea agreement. Moss ultimately selected the bottom of that range, imposing the 70-month sentence.

A frightening Chol Hamoed outing in Kiamesha ended b’chasdei Hashem with everyone safely back on shore Tuesday after a boat carrying what appeared to be a family overturned in cold water near Route 42, prompting Catskills Hatzolah members to race into the water to reach the stranded passengers.

Everyone aboard the vessel was wearing a life vest when the boat overturned, a precaution that proved critical as the occupants suddenly found themselves in the water. The group remained afloat and was ultimately able to hold onto another boat while rescuers made their way toward them.

The incident occurred in Kiamesha, in Sullivan County’s Town of Thompson, during Chol Hamoed. The area, located along Route 42 between Monticello and Fallsburg, has a substantial frum population during the summer and Yom Tov periods.

As word of the overturned boat reached emergency responders, Catskills Hatzolah members rushed to the scene. One Hatzolah volunteer who arrived at the water grabbed another boat from the shoreline and immediately began paddling toward the stranded group.

At the same time, four other Hatzolah members did not wait on shore for additional water-rescue equipment. Still fully dressed, they jumped directly into the cold water and began swimming toward the family.

The occupants of the overturned vessel managed to remain together and hold onto another boat until rescuers reached them. The Hatzolah members and other emergency personnel then assisted the group and brought everyone safely back to shore.

Catskills Hatzolah personnel were joined by additional emergency responders at the scene. There were no reports of serious injuries, and everyone involved was reported to be okay following the rescue.

The primary medical concern after the rescue was exposure to the cold water. No reports indicated that anyone suffered life-threatening injuries or required treatment for a serious drowning-related condition.

The incident highlighted the potentially lifesaving importance of wearing flotation devices while boating. Because everyone aboard was reportedly wearing a life vest before the vessel capsized, they were able to remain above water as rescuers made their way out to them.

Catskills Hatzolah maintains a substantial year-round operation across Sullivan County and also operates a dedicated search-and-rescue capability for emergencies throughout the sprawling Catskills region.

Tuesday’s incident could easily have ended very differently. Instead, through the immediate response of Hatzolah members, the fact that the passengers were properly wearing life vests and tremendous Siyata Dishmaya, the entire group was brought safely out of the water.

B’chasdei Hashem, all were reported safe following the frightening ordeal.

{Matzav.com}

Florida Gov. Ron DeSantis and the state Cabinet voted Tuesday to officially designate the Council on American-Islamic Relations, the Muslim Brotherhood and more than 90 other groups as terrorist organizations, activating a sweeping new state law that could strip designated organizations of public funding and contracts, force certain entities to dissolve and impose penalties on those who provide them with material support.

The action represents the latest and most consequential step in DeSantis’ months-long effort to use Florida law to target organizations his administration says are connected to terrorism. The designations are scheduled to take effect on Nov. 5, although CAIR and civil-liberties organizations are already seeking to have the measure blocked in federal court.

The Florida Cabinet approved the designations with little discussion and without taking public testimony. The panel consists of DeSantis, Attorney General James Uthmeier, Chief Financial Officer Blaise Ingoglia and Agriculture Commissioner Wilton Simpson.

Florida officials said the action includes domestic terrorist designations for CAIR, its Florida chapter, the Muslim Brotherhood and the anti-fascist movement known as antifa. The state also designated more than 90 foreign organizations already listed by the federal government as foreign terrorist organizations, among them al-Qaeda, Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, the Houthis, the Venezuelan Tren de Aragua gang and Mexican drug cartels.

A more than 400-page package prepared for Tuesday’s Cabinet meeting laid out the state’s case against the organizations. In addressing CAIR specifically, Florida asserted that “there is substantial evidence that CAIR is engaging in terrorist activity” and cited alleged connections between the organization and Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad.

State officials also pointed to CAIR’s history in connection with the Holy Land Foundation terrorism-financing prosecution. CAIR was named as an unindicted co-conspirator in that federal case, in which the Holy Land Foundation and five of its leaders were convicted in 2008 of providing millions of dollars to Hamas.

CAIR describes itself as “America’s largest Muslim civil liberties organization” and has stressed that the organization itself has never been criminally charged.

The latest action follows an earlier attempt by DeSantis to impose similar restrictions through executive authority. In December 2025, he signed an executive order designating CAIR as a terrorist organization and directing state agencies to deny the group and those providing it material support access to state and local contracts, employment, funding and other public benefits.

CAIR and CAIR-Florida challenged that order in federal court. In March, a federal judge issued a preliminary injunction blocking its enforcement, finding that CAIR was likely to succeed on its argument that the order violated the First Amendment by pressuring third parties to cut ties with the organization. DeSantis appealed that decision to the 11th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals.

Florida lawmakers subsequently gave the governor and Cabinet an entirely new statutory mechanism to make terrorist designations. The legislation, HB 1471, took effect July 1 and authorizes Florida’s chief of domestic security to recommend that organizations be labeled domestic or foreign terrorist organizations, subject to approval by the governor and Cabinet.

Under the law, a group can be classified as a domestic terrorist organization if it operates in Florida or elsewhere in the United States, is found to be engaged in terrorist activity and is determined to represent an ongoing threat to Florida or the country.

The legislation carries potentially far-reaching consequences for groups that receive the designation. Florida can move to legally dissolve certain designated organizations, while individuals who knowingly provide prohibited material support can face criminal penalties.

The law also reaches Florida’s educational system. Students in the Florida College System who promote designated terrorist organizations can face expulsion under specified circumstances, while state colleges and universities are barred from using public money to support programs or activities that promote such groups.

The statute defines prohibited student promotion in part through conduct that can reasonably be interpreted as an actual threat of violence, materially disrupts the educational environment, violates the rights of others or provides material support or recruitment assistance to a designated organization.

Schools affiliated with designated terrorist groups can also lose access to Florida’s K-12 scholarship funding programs.

DeSantis has described the broader legislation as an “anti-Sharia law” and, when it took effect July 1, immediately announced his intention to make CAIR and the Muslim Brotherhood among the first organizations targeted under its provisions.

The initial designation effort was temporarily put on hold after CAIR and CAIR-Florida filed another federal lawsuit challenging the new statutory system. State officials told the court in July that no designation would take place until the Florida Department of Law Enforcement established regulations governing the process.

FDLE subsequently adopted an emergency rule on Sept. 11 setting out procedures for making the designations, clearing the way for Tuesday’s Cabinet vote.

DeSantis said at the time that the new system provides “an appropriate framework, where the state can take action appropriately to be able to defend the people of Florida against hostile actors and terrorists groups.”

The ACLU, ACLU of Florida and Southern Poverty Law Center are representing CAIR and CAIR-Florida in their challenge to the law. Their attorneys contend that Florida has created a system that allows state officials to stigmatize and effectively cripple domestic organizations without adequate due process.

“Gov. DeSantis’s use of Florida’s dangerous new ‘terrorism’ designation regime against CAIR and its Florida chapter is baseless and unconstitutional,” Hina Shamsi, director of ACLU’s national security project, stated on Tuesday.

“There are simply no legitimate grounds to brand our clients with a reviled label, impose crippling criminal penalties and force them to shut their doors in Florida,” Shamsi said.

Shamsi said CAIR filed a written objection ahead of Tuesday’s meeting and that she sought permission to address the Cabinet on behalf of CAIR-Florida but was not recognized to speak.

She separately challenged the factual basis Florida offered for designating the organization.

“There is nowhere in that notice any allegation or evidence that CAIR has engaged in any violent or dangerous act in violation of Florida or U.S. law,” Shamsi said Tuesday outside the Cabinet meeting. “And that’s the first requirement for something as serious as this.”

Shamsi said CAIR-Florida functions as a nonprofit civil-rights organization whose work includes representing individuals alleging government violations of their rights, conducting rights-awareness programs and advocating on public-policy issues.

“Like any other U.S. nonprofit, in Florida and around the country, they carry out ‘know your rights’ trainings, they engage with and represent community members whose rights have been violated by government action,” Shamsi said. “They speak up for and against government policies. They are representing their communities and they’re doing it every single day here in this state, for the benefit of the people of Florida.”

The ACLU says it plans to seek a preliminary injunction preventing the latest designation from taking effect.

“When the designation goes into effect, because this is steamrolling its way forward, and if it is not prevented, our clients will be unable to carry out their constitutionally protected activities in this state,” Shamsi said. “And that, as we have said, and I would have said today, is in violation of their due process rights under the (U.S.) Constitution and in violation of their First Amendment rights, among other things.”

Florida Attorney General James Uthmeier, however, said Tuesday’s action “drew a line on terrorism.”

“The free state of Florida will not launder terrorism through our schools,” he said. “We will name these groups, cut off the money and hold those who bankroll them accountable.”

The legal fight is now expected to intensify ahead of Nov. 5, when the designations are scheduled to formally take effect. CAIR and its attorneys are arguing that Florida’s new system violates the First and Fourteenth Amendments, while the DeSantis administration maintains that the state now has statutory authority to identify organizations it concludes are engaged in terrorist activity and prevent Florida institutions and taxpayer funds from supporting them.