Who Established Maaser?
By Rabbi Berach Steinfeld
In Parshas Lech Lecha, we find that after Avrohom Avinu’s victorious battle against the kings, he encountered Shem ben Noach, who served as the Kohen of that generation. The posuk tells us that Avrohom gave Shem maaser from all that he had taken.
In Parshas Toldos, we read that after Yitzchok left Avimelech, he planted a field, and it yielded “Meah She’arim” — one hundredfold. Rashi explains that Yitzchok measured the field’s extraordinary output in order to determine how much maaser he owed.
Later, in Parshas Vayeitzei, Yaakov Avinu pledges to Hashem, “Aser aasrenu lach”—I will surely tithe everything You give me. The Baalei Tosfos, citing the Medrash, note that Yaakov established the practice of giving maaser from monetary earnings. From this, Chazal derive the concept of giving a fifth of one’s income to tzedakah. This is learned from the double expression aser aasrenu—two tenths, equaling one fifth.
The Rambam (Hilchos Melachim 9:1) writes that Yitzchok instituted maaser, while the Raavad disagrees, arguing that Avrohom had already given maaser earlier. The Kesef Mishneh reconciles this by explaining that Avrohom’s gift to Shem was not maaser in the halachic sense, but rather tzedakah. His proof is that Avrohom gave only from the spoils of war, not from all his possessions. Yitzchok, by contrast, tithed all the produce of his fields.
Among the Rishonim, there is a discussion regarding maaser kesafim—whether separating a tenth from one’s income carries the same halachic weight as maaser from grain, or whether it is considered tzedakah with a minimum of one-tenth and a maximum of one-fifth.
One can harmonize the opinions by suggesting that each of the Avos introduced a different dimension of maaser: Avrohom gave maaser as tzedakah; Yitzchok tithed his agricultural produce; and Yaakov established the giving of maaser from monetary earnings.
The Shita Mekubetzes in Kesubos (50a) writes that one who earns money should first set aside a tenth for his own spiritual and religious needs, and then another tenth to give to the poor. He compares this to the two maasros given from grain—maaser sheni, eaten in Yerushalayim, and maaser ani, given to the poor. This, he explains, is likely what Yaakov meant by the double expression aser aasrenu lach. Yaakov did not say achamshenu (“I will give a fifth”) but rather “two tenths.”
Just as one may not use maaser from an already tithed crop to exempt another that has not yet been tithed, one cannot simply separate one fifth at once; the process must be done in two steps—first one tenth, then another tenth.
The Gemara teaches, Aser bishvil shetisasher—give maaser so that you may become wealthy. Indeed, maaser is not just an obligation; it is the wisest and most reliable investment a person can make.
{Matzav.com}
